In detail, what are the functional types of bacterial toxins?. give examples of each

Expert Solution

There are two types of bacterial toxin:

a) Endotoxin: Present in gram negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide, a component of cell wall acts as toxin. Response is non-specific by IL1, IL12, IFN alpha and IFN gama. Responsible for septic shock syndrome: fever and inflammation.

b) Exotoxin: Produced by gram positive bacteria. Response is variable depending upon toxin. E.g.

i. Diphtheria toxin: Cornybacterium diphtheriae is causative agent and acts as ADP-ribosylase of eukaryotic elongation factor 2.

ii. Cholera toxin: Toxin released from Vibrio cholerae ,ADP ribosylate G alpha stimulatory and secrets cAMP in high amount.

iii. Tatenus toxin: Clostridium tetani secreted this toxin acts as Zn dependent endoprotease and cause spasmatic paralysis.

iv. Shiga like toxin: Certain species of E.coli produce this toxin which encode RNA N glysosidase leads to cell death or apoptosis.

v. Anthrax toxin: Bacillus anthracis secrete this and it acts as a calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase. Induce apoptosis.

vi. Pseudomonous toxin: Secreted by Pseudomonous aeruginosa and acts same as diphtheria toxin.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

What is the difference between functional and nonfunctional requirements and give examples of each?

Explain the characteristics of, and differences between, the two types of bacterial toxins (Endotoxins and Exotoxins)....

Explain the characteristics of, and differences between, the two types of bacterial toxins (Endotoxins and Exotoxins). Include details of their properties, modes of action on the host, and provide an example of each type of toxin.

Give examples of functional departments

Provide two examples of how the immune response to bacterial antigens or toxins can cause severe...

Provide two examples of how the immune response to bacterial antigens or toxins can cause severe disease and pathology. For each example, name the disease, the bacterial species, the corresponding bacterial toxin or antigen associated with the disease, and the immune response driving the pathology.

Answer the questions listed below in detail. 1.What are the types of accounting changes? Give examples....

Answer the questions listed below in detail. 1.What are the types of accounting changes? Give examples. Try to find a company that has reported an accounting change recently. What are the major reasons why companies change accounting methods? The Wall Street Journal has several examples. 2. What are accounting errors and how are they reported? What are the disclosure requirements for correction of errors? See FASB codification as backup. 3. Define a change in estimate and provide an illustration. When...

Explain the stages needed to establish microbial infections. Classify bacterial toxins. Provide two examples and describe...

Explain the stages needed to establish microbial infections. Classify bacterial toxins. Provide two examples and describe their mechanism of action on mammalian cells.

• What are the different types of internal controls? Give examples of each. Physical, technical, administrative....

• What are the different types of internal controls? Give examples of each. Physical, technical, administrative. • Know the elements of the COSO internal control framework. How does the COSO framework help in implementing/updating internal controls?

1. What is relevant range? 2. Give in detail give two examples of costs that are...

1. What is relevant range? 2. Give in detail give two examples of costs that are variable costs and two examples of fixed costs.

List, describe and give examples of the value of each of the following types of Variance...

List, describe and give examples of the value of each of the following types of Variance Analysis, "volume variance," "spending/quantity use variance," "static budget variance" and "flexible budget variance." How have you seen these used? How would you apply any of these to your personal life?

There are two types of conformity, informational and normative. Describe and give examples of each of...

There are two types of conformity, informational and normative. Describe and give examples of each of these. Which of these is more significant in your social interactions with others? Why?

Question