In studies of human MZ and DZ twin pairs of the same sex who are reared together, the following concordance values are identified for various traits. Based on the values shown, describe the relative importance of genes versus the influence of environmental factors for each trait.

Trait Concordance

MZ DZ

Blood type 100 65

Chicken pox 89 87

Manic depression 67 13

Schizophrenia 72 12

Diabetes 62 15

Cleft lip 51 6

Club foot 40 4

which cell types is most responsible for transplant rejection?

which antibody segment interests with antigens?

what does the CD designation for specific immunity mechanism mean?

GENETICS

Out of 1000 there are 150 that exhibit the recessive bandit eye phenotype which gives them the appearance of wearing a robber mask.

Determine the following

What is p? 0.61

What is q? 0.387

What is the null hypothesis? The values for p and q are not significantly different than the observed frequencies.

You then test the remaining animals and find the following numbers for the genotypes

RR 525    Rr 325 rr 150

What are your new allelic expected allelic frequencies based on this new information (p², 2pq, q²)? <<<Need This Answer >>> The exact values for the new p-squared, 2pq, and q-squared.

What is the X² value ? 0.026

How many degrees of freedom are there? One

What is the p-value? 0.8719

Is the population in HWE? Yes, fail to reject null hypothesis.

Just need the answer for the new P-Squared, 2pq, and q-squared. Thank you.

Topic: Sizing DNA fragments via standard curves using horizontal electrophoresis

Between a low quality ladder (DNA marker) and high quality ladder (Kb ladder), which one produces more accurate estimates on a standard curve? Why?

A. Explain what happened to the buffalo and wildebeest populations in terms of population growth models.

B. What do you expect will happen to these populations going forward?

1-what is the basic structure of a cell 2-what are the three function of the cell membrane 3-what are the three major biological molecules that make up the cell membrane and what are their function 4- what is the purpose of this lab membrane disruption 5- hypothesis

This question is in my plant physiology homework and the assignment is on the electron transport chain.

How is the H⁺ gradient (potential energy) used? What are the products that the proton gradient made? Where in the chloroplast are they made? (3 points)

which two historical figures practiced the use of natural experiments

in 2 paragraphs, please explain how do forensic pathologists and / or anthropologists use skeletal remains?

4. You are studying a new bacterial infection. You have evidence that people are infected by a bacterium; however, you cannot detect any antibodies in the infected individuals to the bacterium. What could be happening?

DNA Polymerase can distinguish between dNTPs and rNTPs because of discriminator amino acids in the enzyme's nucleotide-binding pocket. These amino acids occupy the space where the 2'OH group of an incoming rNTP would need to reside in order to properly position the substrates for catalysis. These discriminator amino acids usually have large R groups, which sterically exclude the ribose 2'OH. If you experimentally mutate/change the discriminator amino acids to glycines, predict the effect that this change might have on DNA polymerase.

A third haploid pink strain (strain # 3) of yeast is isolated and known to be the MAT a sex. Nothing else is known about this strain, (i.e. we do not know whether it is a single or double mutant as we did in our lab results). When streaked together with strain #1 above the cells produced at the crossing juncture are all pink. Answer these questions:

a) Would you expect these pink cells at the strain 1-3 crossing juncture to be diploid or haploid? Why?

b) Is strain #3 mutant for ade2 (i.e. ade2) or wild type for ade2 (i.e. ADE 2). How do you know?

c) It is not clear what the genotype of strain#3 is at the ADE 1 locus.

i. What cross and result would determine that strain #3 is mutant (i.e. ade1)?

ii. What cross and result would determine that strain #3 is wild type (i.e. ADE 1)?

Contrast the hypotheses that biogeographers conducting research in either 1918 or 2018, respectively, would use to explain the distribution of closely related plants and animals in South America, Africa, and Australia.

Background Information:

In the nervous system, the brain processes information by transmission of electrical and chemical signals through a network of neurons. These signals travel through synapses which connect two neurons. Neuroligins are cell-adhesion molecules that function to connect two neurons at synapses and mediate proper signalling across the synapse. Interestingly, neuroligin function has been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) which is primarily manifested by delayed development and deficiency in social interaction and communication in patients. Mutations in genes encoding neuroligins have been identified in ASD patients. The molecular mechanism of how neuroligins function in ASD has been investigated using mouse models. The mouse gene NL3 encodes a neurolignin. Aberrant NL3 gene function in mice results in synaptic dysfunction and a diverse range of abnormal behavior including a subset that resembles ASD patients. A striking phenotype of NL3 mutant mice is increased repetitive behavior compared to wild type/normal mice.

There are two alleles of the mouse NL3 gene. One allele (referred as “+” or wild type) produces NL3 protein which results in the synthesis of neuroligins for synaptic function. In contrast, the other allele (referred as “-”) does not produce any NL3 mRNA (and hence no NL3 protein) resulting in an inability to produce neuroligins.

Question: Closer examination of the two alleles of the mouse NL3 gene reveals no changes in nucleotide sequence in the transcriptional unit. This observation indicates that the difference in nucleotide sequence between the two alleles must not occur within the transcriptional unit. Provide two possibilities where nucleotide changes could occur on the chromosome for the allele that does not produce any NL3 mRNA and explain why.

In Chapter 8, we saw that ATP is the currency of the cell, powering almost all the work carried out in a typical cell. In almost all eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes, the majority of this ATP is synthesized from the flow of stored hydrogen ions (protons) in the form of a proton gradient. This week’s forum will explore the universality of proton gradients and provide insight into the role they may have played in the origin of life itself and why, despite their incredible biochemical virtuosity, prokaryotes have failed to develop the complex morphology (multicellularity) observed for eukaryotic cells . Read the article Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients, and answer the questions that follow. ----> LINK ; https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/why-are-cells-powered-by-proton-gradients-14373960

1. (a) Explain how “natural” proton gradients could have arisen at ancient hydrothermal vents. Be sure to include in your response the source of the protons. (b) Do those same “natural” gradients exist today at hydrothermal vents – why or why not?

2. From analysis of Figure 4, explain the meaning of the Figure Legend, “Why chemistry is not enough”.

3. What explanation does the paper provide as to why prokaryotic cells have shown little tendency to develop the morphological complexity observed for eukaryotic cells?

4. Speculating is a fun part of science. Many of the hypotheses put forth in this paper are highly speculative. For example, little data exists to support the hydrothermal vent origin of proton gradients. Based on our class discussions, either propose another possible origin for proton gradients, or propose a question on a point or aspect of the origin that you find unclear or confusing.