Cancer is a genetic disease that arises due mutations in growth promoting genes (oncogenes) and in growth suppressing genes (tumor suppressor genes). Mutations in oncogenes that can lead to cancer are gain-of-function mutations that result in the constitutive activation of the proteins encoded by these genes. An example of such a gene is Ras, a gene mutated in over 90% of pancreatic cancers. When mutated, the Ras signaling is constitutively active, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins whose normal function is to prevent excessive cells proliferation. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are loss of function mutations. When mutated, they are no longer able to suppress excessive cell proliferation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Drugs that inhibit DNA methylation or histone acetylation are often used to treat cancer. Which drug is best to use depends on the nature of the mutated gene driving cancer cell growth.

A. Explain the effect DNA methylation inhibitor of would have on gene expression levels

B. Explain the effect a histone acetylation inhibitor of would have on gene expression levels.

C. For pancreatic cancers driven by mutant Ras, which type of treatment would be a more effective drug to use for treatment, one that inhibits DNA methylation or one that inhibits histone acetylation. Justify your answer.

D. For cancers that are driven by mutations in tumor suppressor genes, would you recommend using the same drug as for oncogene-driven cancers? Why or why not?

How did new theories and inventions of the Scientific Revolution impact religion and the popularity of democracy?

Answer the following things about X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA):

Causes (include b cell pathway)

Symptoms and pathology

The prognosis (with and without treatment) and possible treatments (not cures)

Medical Microbiology

What physiological tests are necessary to differentiate the groups of alpha-hemolytic streptococci from one another? Which Lancefield groups contain alpha-hemolytic streptococci?

What is the effect of cortisol? Describe its overall action

when perfoming the Isolation of the GFP protine lab, what should be present in the collection tubes after each step in the column chromatography? explain in detail please.

Order the steps in the visual pathway, starting at the eye. number 1-6.

a. Activation of photoreceptors

b. Activation of retinal bipolar cells

c. Activation of the optic nerve

d. Decussation of some fibers at the optic chiasma

e. Termination of ganglion cell axons in the thalamus

Optic radiations deliver signal to the Visual Cortex.

where in your body dies the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

From the article, "Am I a Girl, or a Boy? An Unusual Case of Ambiguous Gender", explain the difference between chromosomal & phenotypic sex in 200 or more words.

sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/girl_or_boy.pdf

What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors

Yes or no and why ? 1. Many different types of protists will be present in a sample from a single source..

Provide an example scenario in which the sampling protists would be used in the study of an environmental science issue?

Identify sources of error during the location and identification of the protists.

Please answer all questions please

1.Explain how the NGS approach has been able to bring the cost of sequencing down.

2.In a nutshell, what are the major steps performed during next generation sequencing of DNA? How do these steps differ in the Illumina platform as compared to the Roche 454 platform?

3. Now that the human genome has been sequenced, what types of information still need further research?

Please answer all questions please

1.Starting with normal and cancer intact cells as well as the preparation of the DNA microarray chip, explain in detail how the typical DNA microarray experiment will be performed in order to identify differentially expressed genes. What are the types of probes that can be used for this experiment, and how are they different? Explain how the data will be interpreted.

2.In a nutshell, describe the major advantages and disadvantages of each DNA sequencing platform

You have discovered a new strain of peach that is larger, sweeter and juicier. A karyotype reveals that it is tetraploid. Describe one way in which this new peach may have been generated. Use drawings if necessary.