Question

1-Read about Sociobiology and its relation with the adaptability of the genetic characteristics to the following human generations. Write notesrelated to the punctuated equilibrium and gradual change positions.

2-Identify the fields of Anthropology and highlight which ones are related with the biological adaptation of the individual.

Answer 1

Punctuated and gradual equilibrium:

Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur.Gradualism is selection and variation that happens more gradually.The idea of punctuated equilibrium originated long after the idea of gradualism. Darwin saw evolution as being "steady, slow, and continuous".Darwin assumed that if evolution is gradual then there should be a record in fossils of small incremental change within a species.But in many cases, Darwin, and scientists today, are unable to find most of these intermediate forms.

Gradual equilibrium:

Gradualism is selection and variation that happens more gradually. Over a short period of time it is hard to notice. Small variations that fit an organism slightly better to its environment are selected. Change is slow, constant, and consistent.

Punctuated equilibrium:

Punctuated equilibrium is any sudden, rapid change in a species and can also be the result of other causes, such as huge and sudden changes in the environment that result in more rapid changes in the organisms through harsher selection.

2) Fields of Anthrology:

There are now four major fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology. Each focuses on a different set of research interests and generally uses different research techniques.

The biological anthropology is the field of anthropology that highlights the ones related to the adaptation of the individual.THe biological anthropologist carry out systematic studies of the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Non-cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited in contrast to learned. Near-human is a category that includes monkeys, apes, and the other primates as well as our fossil ancestors. Human biology is concerned with learning about human diversity, genetic inheritance patterns, non-cultural adaptations to environmental stresses, and other biological characteristics of our species.