fill in the blank

1. Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes do not _________ equally during the process of _______. This causes an extra chromosome or missing chromosome in the resulting _________. When a sex cell with an extra or missing a chromosome joins with a 'normal' sex cell - a zygote with either an extra chromosome or a missing chromosome is produced. Many times this will cause a miscarriage, but some conditions can develop because of nondisjunction. ________

is the result of an extra #21 chromosome and can cause some health problems and developmental delays.

XXX is called triple X and is usually nonsymptomatic. XXY is _______ and this person would be a male with some secondary female characteristics.

XO is ______________and is a female that may remain small and have little secondary sexual development.

2. __________is autosomal recessive - a recessive allele is received from each parent. In this disorder, stress causes the red blood cells to 'sickle' causing numerous problems in the body. Fatigue, anemia, enlarged spleen, arthritis, problems in several organs/systems. Sickle cell anemia is a good example of the inheritance pattern called __________.

___________(PKU) is autosomal recessive - must receive recessive allele from both parents. PKU can cause brain damage and learning disabilities if not treated with a special diet low in _________.

________.  is autosomal dominant. Any person that has this disease will have a parent that has had it as well. It is a progressive degenerative disease.The previous diseases are equally common in males and females.

________ is sex-linked recessive (it is on the X chromosome) and is more common in boys than girls. It is a bleeding disorder caused by the inability of the blood to clot properly.

3. There are two tests that can be used to identify a number of genetic disorders that can be identified by chromosomal numbers or abnormalities. ___________ can also be tested for to locate specific faulty genes, and the amniotic fluid can be analyzed to look for metabolic problems.

_________ is the test that has been available longer and has a lower risk of miscarriage. A long needle is inserted into the woman's uterus and some fluid is withdrawn. This test can be done during a window of time after the 15th week.

________ is very similar although it can be less invasive, if the needle is inserted through the v a g i n a rather than the uterine wall. CVS does have a higher risk of miscarriage, but it can be done much earlier - between the 10th and 12th week.

How would I work the following problems out? I would like someone to show their work so I could better understand the answers and thought process.

Genetics Problems

For the first couple of problems, you will be working with guinea pigs. Their coat color shows an example of complete dominance - black (B) is dominant over brown (b).

1. A heterozygous black male is crossed with a heterozygous black female. What would be the resulting phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

2. A heterozygous black male is crossed with a brown female. (A) What would be the resulting phenotypic ratio in the offspring? (B) What would be the probability of getting a black offspring?

For the next two problems, you will be working with snapdragons. Flower color in snapdragons shows incomplete dominance.

RR = Red

R'R' = White

RR' = Pink

3. A red flowered plant is crossed with a white flowered plant. What phenotype(s) would the offspring show?

4. A pink flowered plant is crossed with another pink flowered plant. (A) What would be the resulting phenotypic ratio? (B) What would be the probability of getting a pink flowered offspring?

The next genetic problems deal with blood type.

5. - 6. Give the possible genotypes for each of these blood types (these do not require crosses - just write the possible genotypes for each phenotype):

Type A

Type B

Type AB

Type O

7. A type O woman has children with a type AB man. Give the possible phenotypes of their children.

8. Is it possible for an A type woman and a B type man to have children that are type O? Explain your answer.

The final problems deal with the sex-linked trait of color-blindness. Color-blindness is caused by a recessive gene that is found on the X chromosome.

XC = normal vision

Xc = color-blindness

9. A woman with normal vision that is homozygous (XCXC) has children with a color-blind man (XcY). (A) if they have a daughter, what is the probability that she will be a carrier? (hint - only look at the female offspring). (B) What is the probability that they will have a color-blind child?

10. A woman with normal vision that is a carrier (XCXc) has children with a man with normal vision (XCY). (A) If they have a son, what is the probability he will be color-blind? (hint - only look at the male children for this answer). (B) What is the probability that they will have a color-blind child?

Pala is an inhibitor at low concentration it increases Atcase activity why? how does this observation support a concerted allosteric mechanism for Atcase

1. The human immune system has a lot of back-up plans built into its design. Many cells and other immune components have similar roles. Provide an example of two components that have similar or identical roles in the immune system.

2. If you had to choose, do you feel it would be more detrimental to a person's health to have no T cells or no B cells? Which do you think would impact a person’s overall health more profoundly? Why?

3. Pathogens have many “tricks” to avoid immune detection and “buy time” to establish an infection. If you were a pathogen, which ONE of the following components of the immune system do you believe would be the most helpful to avoid or disable? Provide the reason why you selected it and any support for your choice.

a) Phagocytic cells

b) Inflammation

c) Complement

d) Cytokines

1. Define Paraphilia’s.

Contrast Fetishism with Transvestic fetishism.

Contrast Sexual Sadism to Sexual Masochism.

Define and describe Autoerotic Asphyxia.

Define Exhibitionism with an example.

Contrast Voyeurism with Frotteurism.

What causes some Orders to have many species and others few? For example, there are only three species in the Order Proboscidea.

Define & Describe 7 NEUROTRUTHS you feel are ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY to address in Gender-Specific Behavior thus demonstrating male & female brain ARE NOT THE SAME.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain to bulb suction, a rubber catheter to irrigate the wound bed with NS, and a sump drain to remove the irrigation. The initial JP drain remains in place. A right subclavian triple-lumen catheter was inserted.

1. C.W. returns from post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU) on your shift. What do you do when her bed is rolled into her room?

2. You pull the covers back to inspect the abdominal dressing and find that the original

surgical dressing is saturated with fresh bloody drainage. What should you do?

3. C.W. has a total of 4 tubes in her abdomen, as well as a nasogastric tube (NGT). What

information do you want to know about each tube?

4. The sump irrigation fluid bag is nearly empty. You close the roller clamp, thread the IV

tubing through the infusion pump, check the irrigation catheter connection site to make

certain it is snug, and then discover that the nearly empty liter bag infusing into C.W.’s

abdomen is D5W, not NS. Does this require any action? If so, give rationale for actions,

and explain the overall situation.

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

The physician arrives on the unit and removes C.W.’s surgical dressing. There is a small “bleeder” at the edge of the incision, so the physician calls for a suture and ties off the bleeder. You take the opportunity to ask her about a morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for C.W., and the physician says she will write the orders right away.

5. Postoperative pain will be a problem for C.W. after the anesthesia wears off. How do you

plan to address this?

6. Pharmacy delivers C.W.’s first bag of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The physician has

instructed you to start the TPN at a rate of 60 ml/hr and decrease the maintenance IV rate

by the same amount. What is the purpose of this order?

7. The physician did not specifically order glucose monitoring, but you know that it should

be initiated. You plan to conduct a finger stick blood test every 2 hours for the first several

hours. What is your rationale?

8. C.W.’s blood glucose increased temporarily, but by the next day it dropped to an average of 70 to 80 mg/dl and has remained there for 2 days. Her VS are stable, but her abdominal wound shows no signs of healing. She has lost 1 kg over the past 3 days. What do this data mean?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

You discuss your concerns with C.W.’s physician, and she agrees to request a consult from a registered dietitian (RD). After gathering data and making several calculations, the RD makes recommendations to the attending physician. The TPN orders are adjusted, C.W. begins to gain weight slowly, and her wound shows signs of healing. Nutritional problems in clinical populations can be complex and often

require special attention.

9. You and a co-worker read the following in C.W.’s progress notes: “Wound healing by

secondary closure. Formation of granular tissue with epithelialization noted around edges.

Have requested dietitian to consult on ongoing basis. Will continue to follow.” Your

co-worker turns to you and asks whether you know what that means. How would you

explain?

10. Both of you start to discuss what specific digestive difficulties C.W. is likely to face in the

future. What problems might C.W. be prone to develop after having so much of her

bowel removed?

11. The RD consults with C.W. about dietary needs. You attend the session so that you will

be able to reinforce the information. What basic information is the RD likely to discuss

with C.W.?

12. After 3 days of dressing changes, C.W.’s skin is irritated, and a small skin tear has appeared

where tape was removed. How can you minimize this type of skin breakdown and help

this area heal?

13. What specifics of ostomy teaching do you plan to do?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

C.W. successfully battled peritonitis. Gradually, tubes were removed as she grew stronger with TPN and time. C.W. learned how to change her ostomy appliance and was discharged home.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain to bulb suction, a rubber catheter to irrigate the wound bed with NS, and a sump drain to remove the irrigation. The initial JP drain remains in place. A right subclavian triple-lumen catheter was inserted.

1. C.W. returns from post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU) on your shift. What do you do when her bed is rolled into her room?

2. You pull the covers back to inspect the abdominal dressing and find that the original

surgical dressing is saturated with fresh bloody drainage. What should you do?

3. C.W. has a total of 4 tubes in her abdomen, as well as a nasogastric tube (NGT). What

information do you want to know about each tube?

4. The sump irrigation fluid bag is nearly empty. You close the roller clamp, thread the IV

tubing through the infusion pump, check the irrigation catheter connection site to make

certain it is snug, and then discover that the nearly empty liter bag infusing into C.W.’s

abdomen is D5W, not NS. Does this require any action? If so, give rationale for actions,

and explain the overall situation.

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

The physician arrives on the unit and removes C.W.’s surgical dressing. There is a small “bleeder” at the edge of the incision, so the physician calls for a suture and ties off the bleeder. You take the opportunity to ask her about a morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for C.W., and the physician says she will write the orders right away.

5. Postoperative pain will be a problem for C.W. after the anesthesia wears off. How do you

plan to address this?

6. Pharmacy delivers C.W.’s first bag of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The physician has

instructed you to start the TPN at a rate of 60 ml/hr and decrease the maintenance IV rate

by the same amount. What is the purpose of this order?

7. The physician did not specifically order glucose monitoring, but you know that it should

be initiated. You plan to conduct a finger stick blood test every 2 hours for the first several

hours. What is your rationale?

8. C.W.’s blood glucose increased temporarily, but by the next day it dropped to an average of 70 to 80 mg/dl and has remained there for 2 days. Her VS are stable, but her abdominal wound shows no signs of healing. She has lost 1 kg over the past 3 days. What do this data mean?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

You discuss your concerns with C.W.’s physician, and she agrees to request a consult from a registered dietitian (RD). After gathering data and making several calculations, the RD makes recommendations to the attending physician. The TPN orders are adjusted, C.W. begins to gain weight slowly, and her wound shows signs of healing. Nutritional problems in clinical populations can be complex and often

require special attention.

9. You and a co-worker read the following in C.W.’s progress notes: “Wound healing by

secondary closure. Formation of granular tissue with epithelialization noted around edges.

Have requested dietitian to consult on ongoing basis. Will continue to follow.” Your

co-worker turns to you and asks whether you know what that means. How would you

explain?

10. Both of you start to discuss what specific digestive difficulties C.W. is likely to face in the

future. What problems might C.W. be prone to develop after having so much of her

bowel removed?

11. The RD consults with C.W. about dietary needs. You attend the session so that you will

be able to reinforce the information. What basic information is the RD likely to discuss

with C.W.?

12. After 3 days of dressing changes, C.W.’s skin is irritated, and a small skin tear has appeared

where tape was removed. How can you minimize this type of skin breakdown and help

this area heal?

13. What specifics of ostomy teaching do you plan to do?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

C.W. successfully battled peritonitis. Gradually, tubes were removed as she grew stronger with TPN and time. C.W. learned how to change her ostomy appliance and was discharged home.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Ja

Laboratory: Enzyme Activity

In this laboratory you will examine factors that affect enzyme activity.

Catalase is an enzyme found in the liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. It catalyzes the following reaction:

H2O2 H2O + O2

You will examine two factors that affect its activity.

Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution.

How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction?

At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures?

Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans?

What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body?

Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution.

At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity?

Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body?

What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach), pepsin, salivary amylase)

I would highly appreciate if it was in a text form not handwritten.

Thank you very much.

Passive and Active Transport Questions

Many fruits are canned and preserved in a concentrated sugar solution. Using what you have learned, explain how this stops bacterial growth.

Before refrigeration, people often stored meat packed in salt to act as a preservative. How does salt preserve meat?

Your response to this question should be at least two paragraphs

I would highly appreciate if it was in a text form not handwritten.

Thank you very much.