1.

-What physical phenomenon is MRI based on?

-What is the magnetic field gradient? Do we need this in MRI's?

-What is the effect of head motion on an fMRI signal?

-Why would BOLD fMRI signal increase after neuronal activation?

-What is the effect of neuronol activity in the fMRI voxel on its T2*?

What is the difference between EF-G independent and EF-G dependent translocation?  

a. Explain how eukaryotic chromosomes become shortened after each round of replication.

b. Why does this not happen in prokaryotes?

c. How does the cell attempt to remedy this problem

9.) Explain how the fatality rate is different across different age groups with COVID-19 (1 point).

10.) Explain why you think that there is a difference in these different age groups.

11.) List the symptoms of a mild case of COVID-19.

12.) List the symptoms of a severe case of COVID-19.

13.) What does the acronym A.R.D.S. stand for?

14.) Describe how A.R.D.S. develops in people with severe cases of COVID-19.

15.) Define R₀ as it pertains to a virus’s spread?

16.) How does the R₀ of COVID-19 compare with the R₀ of the seasonal flu and what does that indicate about how easily both of these viruses spread when comparing them to each other?          

17.) Describe the preventive measures that are currently being used to prevent the spread of this virus.

18.) What do you think that these measures will do to the spread of COVID-19 compared to if these measures were not put into place (thoroughly explain your answer based on what you learned from this video).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKpVMivbTfg (

1. What determines whether a gene allele is a risk-increasing versus a risk-decreasing allele?

2. What does it mean when we say that genetic factors influence what dose of a drug will be safest and most effective for you?

3. Imagine someone who has asthma has a direct-to-consumer test that tells him that he has risk- decreasing alleles for asthma in two of his relevant genes. How do you explain the fact that he has asthma, despite having two risk-decreasing alleles in relevant genes?

4. What does it mean to say you have a risk-increasing allele for cancer that has been reported to have 20% penetrance?

5. Why does the test that is used to determine whether a woman who has breast cancer should be prescribed Herceptin or not focus on analyzing the mRNA of the HER2 gene? What does that tell you that a DNA-level analysis would not tell you?

6. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the coding sequence of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein

7. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the promoter region of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein

Relate the concept of natural selection to the process of evolution. What conditions are necessary for natural selection to result in the evolution of a population?

1. What malfunctioning mechanisms could be contributing to the development of anencephaly?

2. Anencephaly is likely caused by a problem with which of the following? a. Primary neurulation b. Secondary neurulation c. Junctional neurulation

3. Develop a model of anencephaly based upon a problem with alterations in cell polarity.

4. Develop a model of anencephaly based upon a problem with morphogen signaling.

5. Develop a model of anencephaly based upon a problem with cell to cell interactions.

1.  At the Integris hospital, a 5-year old Caucasian male child in good general health and physical condition was presented at the Saturday walk-in clinic by his mother. He was brought in because he had a fever, was cranky and had complained of a sore throat for about 24 hours. On physical examination by the attending resident, the patient had a fever of 39.3C, and he had considerable swelling and drainage of the pharynx and in the conjunctivae. His tonsils were enlarged and coated with a white patchy exudate. He had a red throat and swollen anterior cervical lymph nodes. His ears were clear. His chest sounded clear and he had no additional remarkable findings on routine examination.

a) What would be your presumptive diagnosis for this child? Why?

b) What diagnostic testing would be indicated to follow this exam?

c) What is the most likely treatment for this illness? Why is it important?

d) What factors of this case allowed you to make a presumptive diagnosis?

e) Lastly, are there any preventative advice that you would give to the mother?

An F1 x F1 self gives a 9:7 phenotypic ratio in the F2. What phenotypic ratio would you expect if you test-crossed the F1?

1. Describe the body plans of animals. Include types of symmetry, germinal tissues, body cavities, and protostome vs. deuterostome development.

1. How many cases of COVID-19 are there in the U.S. today (3/26/20)?

1. Scroll down past the histogram to the total # of COVID-19 cases in U.S. by date. How many cases were there on March 1?

1. How many cases were diagnosed in the 25 days between March 1 and March 26?

1. What are three things you can do to avoid getting COVID-19?

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html

You have discovered a new transmembrane protein that resides in the ER. The molecular weight of the protein is approximately 100 Kd and it contains a hydrophobic transmembrane domain in middle of the protein amino acid sequence. You want to determine whether the protein is a Type I or Type II transmembrane protein. For the experiment, you are given the following reagents: cDNA construct for the protein, a cell line, a centrifuge, SDS-page apparatus, reagents needed for Western blot analysis and an antibody made against the N-terminus of the protein. Basic biochemicals and enzymes routinely used in cell biology research labs are also available to you. Briefly outline your experimental strategy for determining the topology of the protein and show expected Western blot analysis results if the protein is 1) Type I transmembrane protein or 2) Type II transmembrane protein.

Any Parts answered are greatly appreciated

1. *A PKA value was not provided*

Consider the following peptide, with the sequence in 1-letter code:

CHART. (amino acids: Cytesine, Histidine, Alanine, Arginine, and Theorine, respectively.)

How many chiral atoms (in total) does this peptide contain?

b) If you have a solution containing 1.2 mmol CHART, how many mmol of NaOH will you need to completely titrate this peptide?

c) What is the pI of the peptide CHART?

d) At which pH will CHART have an average net charge of +1.5?

e) Which amino acid side chains in CHART will be H-bond acceptors at pH 8?

f ) Which amino acid side chains in CHART will be H-bond donors at pH 10?