1. What are two examples of ‘molecular switches’ from our current material? What acts as the ‘switch’ in each case?

What are the major structural differences between the fetal and the adult human heart? Draw and label these differences on your diagram of the fetal heart. How do these structures alter the circulation of blood?

PLEASE READ THE BELOW STORY-LINE AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW

Over the last few months, Tanya has been getting up to go the bathroom once or twice a night. During the day, she usually goes every hour. At first, she thought it was part of aging. She also drinks a lot of water and coffee during the day. She was also experiencing extreme thirst. However, the symptoms were not going away, so she went to the doctor. The doctor first performed a urinalysis, which revealed nothing. The doctor then ordered an MRI and water deprivation test, and she was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus.

Was it incontinence or coincidence?

In your ANSWER,please think how Tanya might have confused the symptoms of diabetes insipidus with normal aging.

What causes diabetes insipidus?

According to the FDA, how many regulatory classes of medical devices currently exist, and what are the differences between them?

One of the major hallmarks of the adaptive immune response is the specificity in activating only those appropriate T and B cells to respond to the pathogen/antigen. Please discuss how the “3 cell model” of APC, T cell, and B cell ensure and maintain the specificity so that only antigen-specific cells are activated.

Descibe the different types of FDA regulatory meetings and discuss the different types of meetings that you would request for further clinical development (i.e. Phase III trial) of the Company’s investigational medicinal product.

Discuss major differences in principles, treatment goals, and costs between conventional medicine and CAM.?

Calculate the partial pressure of O2 (P₀₂, mm Hg) in dry air in Arcata (sea level- assume atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg). Arcata air never gets fully dry. Assume 90% humidity at 15°C (saturated water vapor pressure at 15°C=12.8 mm Hg) and calculated the actual partial pressure of O2 in Arcata air.

For the question, please explain and provide details

During B-cell activation some activated B-cells undergo differentiation into antibody secreting plasma cells outside of the germinal center and therefore never go through the germinal center responses. Other activated B-cells will return to the follicle forming a germinal center and undergo processes that alter the antibody that will be produced.

Describe the germinal center responses. Why are these responses important (hint: what is different about the antibody produced)? Why are T cells important in germinal center responses?

Hi, for this question please explain in detail and only use correct information. This question is related to immunobiology

List the B-cell developmental stages from pre-pro to immature B cells describing B-cell receptor (BCR or Ig) rearrangements occurring and/or key events occurring at each stage.

Have a standard curve and determine the concentration of the samples. Get the mean, standard deviation for the two samples tested in triplicate and run a t.test. Is there a difference between the two samples? These were two different sets of serum (two different pigs). I would think they will be different but let's see.

Questions

As you should recall, glucose is a reducing sugar. There are many chemical assays for reducing sugars such as using Nelson's alkaline copper reagent or 3,5 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Why is an enzymatic assay the preferred method for blood glucose?

Convert a typical measurement of 95 mg/dL blood glucose into a mM amount.

The concentration of glucose inside a typical cell is about 1.0 mM. Why is the concentration of glucose inside the cell less than in the blood?

A typical red blood cell has a diameter of about 7 m. Although they are disk-shaped, let's assume they are a sphere and determine the number of glucose molecules in the cell?

Red blood cells are one of the few tissues that rely solely on glycolysis. How much ATP can be made from the amount of glucose in the red blood cell?

Based on questions 2-5, why is it important that the blood glucose concentration remain constant?

Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose (two glucose molecules linked by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond). A solution of maltose is tested with the DNS-reagent reducing sugar assay and found to be 50 mM. What would the concentration be measured as if this maltose solution is tested with the glucose-oxidase assay? Explain.

Search the literature, web-sites, wikipedia etc. and find an example of a clinical assay that uses coupled reactions involving an oxidase/peroxidase system. Reference you source and write down the reaction sequence.

Background: Determination of blood glucose is a fundamental test performed in a clinical laboratory. Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL in healthy adults and hyperglycemia is of course an indication of diabetes mellitus or other medical conditions. One of the more common methods for this determination is to use a glucose oxidase/peroxidase system.
The assay that will be used is called an Endpoint Enzymatic Spectrophotometric assay . Glucose oxidase (GOX) is found in various insects and fungi where it is used as an anti-bacterial agent [4]. GOX oxidizes -D-glucose in into D-gluconolactone with the subsequent production of hydrogen peroxide (eq. 1). Hydrogen peroxide is potent oxidizing agent used by many types of cells to kill pathogens. In the glucose assay the hydrogen peroxide that is released, combined with horseradish peroxidase (HPR), is used to oxidize a dye molecule that is monitored spectrophotometrically (eq. 2).
Many dyes have been used for this assay, but today, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, figure 1) will be used since it is stable, readily soluble in water and non-toxc

data given
standards 0.726 0.479 0.235 0.139 0.094 0.037 blank
sample 1 0.509 0.48 0.454
sample 2 0.462 0.497 0.539


mg/dL
200
100
50
25
12.5

(in a few short sentences) Explain why 10 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria when NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain and why only 6 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria when FADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain.

1) Toxicants

a) Which of the following is NOT a major storage site for toxicants?

Kidney

Blood brain barrier

Bone

Fat

Liver

b) Which of the following are true regarding toxicant excretion by the lungs? (check all that apply)

  Because the alveolar epithelium is so thin, toxicant transfer from blood into alveoli requires active transport

   Extensive capillary networks surrounding alveoli aids in rapid toxicant and gas exchange between blood and alveoli

   The structure of the capillary network and alveolar sacs creates an efficient route of elimination for volatile lipophilic toxicants

   The higher the solubility in blood, the more likely a toxicant is to be excreted by the lungs