What phenomenon explains the following data?

Virus 1 - 100 Kb genome, 99 Kb protein coding

Virus 2 - 1 Mb genome, 998 Kb protein coding

Bacterium 1 - 5 Mb genome, 4.9 Mb protein coding

Bacterium 2 - 11 Mb genome, 10.8 Mb protein coding

Plant - 5000 Mb genome, 15 Mb protein coding

Fungus - 50 Mb genome, 11 Mb protein coding

Grasshopper - 500 Mb genome, 18 Mb protein coding

Snake - 1200 Mb genome, 19 Mb protein coding

Group of answer choices

a. very high body complexity in plants

b. a strong relationship between total genome size and body complexity across all life

c. Large amounts of non-coding DNA in prokaryotes

d. a lack of a link between genome size and organismal complexity in prokaryotes and viruses

e. Large amounts of non-coding DNA in eukaryotes

Bacteria and Archae

Be able to classify Bacteria, Archae and Eukaryotes into the correct domain based on given characteristics.

Know the meaning of the terms thermophile, halophile and methanogen.

Know the importance of bacteria to humans (your gut microbiome affects your health, but bacteria can also be pathogenic, etc)

Protists

You will be given the phylogenetic tree below and asked to use it to classify examples into the correct supergroup of Figure 28.2 (SAR, Unikonta, Archaeplastida and Excavata) based on given characteristics.

Plant Diversity

Know the phylum, domain and supergroup of land plants and its sister taxon.

Describe at least four out of the seven derived traits of land plants.

Describe and draw a general land plant life cycle (know the terms haploid, diploid, gametophyte, sporophyte, spore, meiosis, mitosis)

List an example of nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants and seed plants.

Compare and contrast information regarding the life cycles of nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants and seed plants (the comparison chart I gave you in class).

Define xylem and phloem.

Seed Plants

Describe the evolutionary advantage of seed, pollen, flowers and fruit.

Know the importance of seed plants to humans.

Fungi

Describe the body structure of fungi such as cell walls made of chitin, mycelia, hyphae, and haustoria

Know the domain and supergroup of fungi and its sister taxon.

Describe the way that fungi receive nutrition.

Describe the mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants that form lichen.

Know the importance of fungi to humans.

6. “What Plants Talk About”

Describe a characteristic of plants you did not previously know. Only detailed, specific essays of ten sentences or longer will receive full credit. Please do not bring the essay to class, but be prepared to write it.

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Select the true statements about the electron transport chain.

a. The products of the electron transport chain are H 2 O and either NAD + or FAD .

b. In the electron transport chain, a series of reactions moves electrons through carriers.

c. Coenzyme A is a component of the electron transport chain.

d. Coenzyme Q and cytochrome c are components of the electron transport chain.

e. The electron transport chain is an anaerobic process.

Which of the following conditions is required for diffusion to occur?

Group of answer choices

available energy in the form of ATP

a concentration difference

a selectively permeable membrane

a living cell

Materials can be limited from entering the cell by

Group of answer choices

limiting the amount of energy available to the cell

controlling which transporter proteins are available on the cell surface

controlling the movement of water across the cell surface

controlling access to the Golgi apparatus

For cells in which oxygen gas (O₂) crosses the membrane by simple diffusion, what determines the rate at which oxygen enters the cell?

Group of answer choices

the amount of ATP produced by the cell

the concentration of carbon dioxide molecules on either side of the membrane

the number of carrier proteins in the membrane

the concentration of O₂ on either side of the membrane

The following statement is TRUE: when a cell is deprived of oxygen its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. Predict which of the following events would be the most likely END RESULT in a cell deprived of oxygen.

Group of answer choices

undergo cell division

undergo self digestion and die

recycle damaged organelles

produce additional endoplasmic reticulum

produce replacement lysosome

Exercise capacity depends on various factors. It is well known that trainability and exercise capacity differs from one person to another, and this individual difference can be determined by both life-style and genetic factors. What organelle in the muscle cells is most likely to be responsible for very high or very low exercise capacity?

Group of answer choices

plasma membrane

chloroplast

rough endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome

mitochondria

A young toddler is taken to the doctor because he has abnormally greasy bowel movements. The doctor determines that fats are not being digested in the diet due to a deficiency of an enzyme called pancreatic lipase, which is necessary to break down dietary fats in the small intestine. Which organelle in the pancreas cell could be responsible for this disorder?

Group of answer choices

free ribosomes

flagella

mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Chloroplast

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5' ACGTTA 3' the other strand will have the sequence:

Group of answer choices

3'ATTGCA5'

3' TAACGT 5'

3'TGCAAT 5'

3'UAACGU5'

Even though sickle cell anemia is usually fatal to individuals who have 2 copies of the sickle cell gene, the disease persists because:

Group of answer choices

there is no way of knowing which individuals carry the sickle cell gene

individuals with sickle cell anemia don't get adequate health care

none of the answers are correct

gene therapy has alleviated the condition

individuals with one copy of the sickle cell gene are resistant to malaria

The principal defect that leads to the development of sickle hemoglobin involves the substitution of the correct amino acid _______ for_________, an incorrect amino acid in the polypeptide chain.

Group of answer choices

glutamic acid....valine

valine....glycine

phenylalanine....lysine

glutamine....lysine

glutamic acid....phenylalanine

Please list three challenges to marine birds and reptiles of life in the ocean? For each one, list a species and its adaptation for dealing with that challenge.

Protein factors (IFs, EFs, and eRFs) play critical roles in each of the steps in translation of a message by the ribosome. Which of the following general statements pertaining to their functions and mechanisms of action is/are true?

3. Genetic screens Geneticists use the F3 screen (see below) to isolate and characterize new mutations in a wide variety of animal and plants. Use your knowledge of mutagenesis and Mendelian inheritance to answer the following questions. A. Why is the F3 screen necessary, i.e. why is it that most mutants cannot be identified in the F1 generation? B. Would it work to mate the F1 fish carrying a mutation to one of its mutant siblings? Why or why not? C. A single zebrafish mating produces around one hundred offspring. In practical terms, a geneticist who performs the F3 screen will separate out each individual F1 offspring, and carry its descendants through the F2 and F3 generations independently of the others. Why is this necessary?

C. How do RecA and RecBCD function to promote recombination? D. Endonuclease activity of RecBCD is greater in the 3'-5' strand, rather than the 5'-3' strand. Describe how this affects strand invasion, branch migration and resolution. E. How is recombination initiated during meiosis in eukaryotes? F. What is the connection between nonhomologous end joining repair and canc

Mendels second law is often referred to as the law of independent assortment . create an example to illustrate it and chi-square to verify the results

Explain one way to grow a bacteria that would allow them to develop antibiotic resistance. Then explain one genetic modification you could make to your bacteria to help them develop antibiotic resistance.

explain and demonstrate how a dihybrid test cross can be used to determine if autosomal linkage exists

Need ideas for slides for a power point about egypt that include some of their of non-verbal cues in personal space, attitudes towards time, perception of touch, eye contact/appropriateness of gaze, facial expressions, and hand gestures (if relevant

use the word resistant to explain how hybridization can be useful ?

Describe what you think would happen to a cell that was missing the ligase enzyme and tried to replicate its DNA? Explain what this would mean for replication, and what it would mean for the organism.