1.What makes up the spliceosome? What is the function of the spliceosome?

2.What is RNA editing? Explain the role of guide RNAs in RNA editing.

3.How do the mRNAs of bacterial cells and the pre-mRNAs of eukaryotic cells differ? How do the mature mRNAs of bacterial and eukaryotic cells differ?

4.Draw a typical eukaryotic gene and the pre-mRNA and mRNA derived from it. Assume that the gene contains three exons. Identify the following items and, for each item, give a brief description of its function:

a.5' untranslated region

b.Promoter

c.AAUAAA consensus sequence

d.Transcription start site

e.3' untranslated region

f.Introns

g.Exons

h.Poly(A) tail

i.5' cap

5.A geneticist discovers that two different proteins are encoded by the same gene. One protein has56 amino acids, and the other has 82 amino acids. Provide a possible explanation for how the same gene can encode both of these proteins.

Define logistic growth and sketch a sample growth of this type of growth. in what type of situation would logistic growth occur?

how do you set up a 16 box Punnett square

Define positive cooperativity and negative cooperativity.  How are these related to oxygen binding/release, and how is this impacting the T or R states?  

1. An important aspect of food processing is being able to follow the flow of materials as they travel through each step of the operation. You need to know where your losses are occurring and how large they are. This is particularly important if you are going to be able to make any improvements to improve the overall yield by reducing these losses. In the following example, we will examine a hypothetical process and perform some mass balance and heat calculations on it in order to gain a better understanding of how it is operating.
   
   A processor has 800 kg of fresh cranberries which are to be made into cranberry sauce. Approximately 6% of the total weight of the cranberries is stems plus other waste material or inferior quality berries that will be removed from the cranberry sauce during its processing. The processor likes the finished cranberry sauce to be somewhat lower in moisture content than the initial 87% moisture of the cranberries. 80% moisture is viewed as optimal since much of this product will be used in applications where a lower moisture content is more desirable.

   Consider the following fictitious process:         

   i).      The cranberries are sent to a temporary storage area where they are held at 8⁰C. Assume that there is no weight change in this step of the process.

   ii).     The entire 800 kg batch of cranberries is washed in a large vat of water at 8⁰C and checked for quality. The stems and other waste material which float to the surface (plus any inferior berries) are then skimmed off and immediately discarded. The remaining cranberries are dried gently to remove the excess surface moisture from the washing step.

   iii).    The remaining cranberries are mashed to expose the contents of the berries. They are then heated to their boiling point of 103⁰C (sugars present in the cranberries raise its boiling point beyond that of pure water).

   iv).    The desired amount of water is boiled off (the mixture is still at 103⁰C).

   v).     The remaining product is cooled to 25⁰C and filled into plastic containers.

   Assumptions:            No water is added to the initial mixture

   All parts of the cranberry contain 87% moisture.  

   This is actually not true, but it will simplify the problem for you.

   Note:   This is NOT a terribly difficult question from a mathematical point of view. However, it is rather involved and needs to be approached in a structured or disciplined manner. I would urge you (actually, I beg you) to draw a flow diagram showing where the various materials go as they are being processed. Each step in the process may be represented by a separate square on your diagram. You can include temperatures etc. on this diagram and show where materials are added or removed to help you follow the process. Take your time with this problem and don’t become frustrated with it.

   Please allow me to “ramble on” a little bit about my past experiences with questions such as this.

   The key to solving this problem is to organize the information in such a way as to allow you to understand what is happening. I have given problems similar to this in Assignment 2 for quite a few years and I always emphasize that the problem cannot be solved unless you sit down and draw a flow diagram to illustrate what is happening. Invariably, I end up with a flood of e-mails saying that they cannot do the problem or that the problem is too weird to do. When I ask to see a copy of their flow diagram, they tell me that they haven’t done one. It seems to me that they consider drawing a diagram as a sign of some intellectual weakness and that they should be able to follow the flows of materials in their heads without the use of such trivial aids as drawing a picture. You cannot possibly calculate the weights of water and solids throughout the process if you have no idea where things are going. The flow diagram is actually your road map to the final solution. Once you understand where things are going, everything else should start to fall into place.

   Thank you for indulging me and letting me share my frustrations with you.

   Now you can get to work on the problem. (18 marks total)

   First, draw a process flow diagram to show what is happening

   Then, calculate the following:  

   a).    The weight of stems and other waste material that is removed. Express your answer to one decimal place.

   b).    The amount of water removed from the cranberry sauce (after the stems and other waste material have been removed).  

   c).     The amount of cranberry sauce obtained from the initial 800 kg of cranberries.  

   d).    The amount of heat that must be added to cook the cranberry sauce and drive off the desired amount of water. For simplicity, use 2,257kJ/kg as the heat required to evaporate 1 kg of water at 103⁰C. While this is not the exact number for this temperature, it is close enough for the purpose of this problem.

   e).    The amount of heat that must be removed from the finished cranberry sauce to cool it to the desired final temperature. Recognizing that the final cranberry sauce has a lower water content than the initial cranberries, we need to reflect this in the value of the specific heat capacity for the finished product. I have taken the liberty of calculating the Cp of the final 80% moisture cranberry sauce as being approximately 3.517 kJ/kg K. Please use this value in your calculations if needed.   

would you expect more cooperation in an ant colony where the queen ant mated with one male, or with many males? and why?

PLEASE I NEED AN ANSWER SOON

List the 5 steps of the lytic Viral Replication Cycle of a Bacteriophage and briefly describe each of those steps. More correct, relevant detail is better.

Why are cells inoculated on agar plates for bacterial transformation, as compared to liquid culture in growth bacterial?

In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant (S) over spotted coat (s). Suppose a true-breeding solid-colored dog is crossed with a spotted dog, and the F1 dogs are interbred.

What is the probability that the first puppy born will have a solid coat?

What is the probability that the solid-coated puppy in the previous question is homozygous for the solid coat allele?

What is the probability that if four puppies are born, all of them will have a spotted coat?

What is the probability that if six puppies are born, 2 of them would have a spotted coat and 4 of them would have a solid coat? Please round your answer to the nearest hundredth or leave as a fraction.

The following two individuals are crossed: Aa Bb Cc Dd x Aa bb Cc Dd What proportion of the progeny will have the following genotype? Express as either a fraction or as a decimal] Aa Bb CC dd p=

What is the probability that one of the progeny will have all dominant OR all recessive phenotype? p=

Use the terms cohesion and adhesion to explain how plants carry water from the roots through the stem all the way to the flower.

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Describe how products like Rain-X help in repelling water from a windshield glass.

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What would have happened if you started with a larger amount of baking soda instead of only half a spoonful? What about a lesser amount of baking soda?

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summarize (in several paragraphs) how the mass extinction of the dinosaurs affected the evolution of mammals.
REMINDER--- IT SHOULD include the usage of "EVOLUTIONARY THEORY" AND MENTION "PUNCTURED EQUILIBRIUM"
AS PART OF THE EXPLANATION (its for atleast 30 MARKS)

Babies delivered by Cesarean methods or those who were exposed to antibiotics in the womb may be more prone to diseases like Asthma and diabetes. Why? Remember – explore the molecular basis! Is this statement an uncontested fact?

1.      Define and distinguish between biological extinction and mass extinction.

2.      Describe two economic and two ecological benefits of species diversity.

3.      What is the greatest threat to wildlife species?

4.      Explain why prevention is the best way to reduce threats from invasive species and list four proposed ways to implement this strategy?

5.      Summarize the roles of population growth, overconsumption, pollution, and climate change in the extinction of wildlife species.

3) Using the gene symbols from the table below, give the genotype(s) for the following phenotypes: white flower, round seeds, and yellow seeds.

Table 1. Characters and traits for Mendel’s pea plants.

Monohybrid cross

4) You are attempting to re-create some of Mendel’s experiments. You love your plants so much that you give them names. In your garden, one plant, Jenny, is pollenated by another plant, Johnny (peas have perfect flowers, so even though we are assigning them a single sex, they technically are both male and female). Jenny is homozygous dominant for purple flowers and Johnny has white flowers. In order to figure out what kind genotypes and in what ratios their offspring will be, you will construct a Punnett square. To do this, list ALL possible gamete types for Johnny and Jenny. Remember that gametes are haploid and therefore only have one copy of each allele!

5) Place the gametes you generated in 4) in the top row for Johnny and left column for Jenny of the Punnett square below. Then copy and paste the Punnett square below into your lab write up.

Johnny’s gametes

                                          Jenny’s gametes

6) What are the genotypic ratios expected for the offspring of the cross? In other words, how many of each genotype (homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous) are there? List the gene symbols and corresponding number for each genotype.

7) What are the phenotypic ratios expected for the offspring of the cross? In other words, how many of each phenotype (purple, white) are there?

8) You plant some of Johnny and Jenny’s offspring. Two in particular become your favorite plants and you name them Jamie and Josie. You decide to cross these two plants together (you can cross siblings in plants, but this is not really something that occurs very often in humans for various reasons!). Place the gametes that would result from meiosis in Jamie and Josie in the top row for Jamie and left column for Josie of the Punnett square. Then copy and paste the Punnett square below into your lab write up.

                                                                                    Jamie’s gametes

                                          Josie’s gametes

9) What are the genotypic ratios expected for the offspring of the cross?

10) What are the phenotypic ratios expected for the offspring of the cross?

The World Health Organization (WHO) had announced the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. With the entire world reeling under the prodigious attack of the pandemic in colossal proportions, various strategies were designed to nullify the transmission, but with little success. Preventive measures, namely social distancing, sealing off large towns, closing borders and confining people to their homes were strategically implemented. Inspire of these, the transmission rates grew unabated. Adding fuel to fire, the lack of effective antiviral drugs and vaccine further worsened the scenario. As a student in pharmaceutical engineering technology, you have greatest responsibility to propose a novel treatment or delivery system to improvise current treatment.

Thus, you are required to discuss with your team and propose potential solutions on the type of combination treatment can be provided based on literature and clinical studies that has been conducted to treat COVID-19 patients.

1. Background Controlled drug delivery system (provide literature supports)

2. Mechanism of action Controlled drug delivery system to treat covid-19 patient(With the aid of schematic diagram)

3. Material/methods Controlled drug delivery system

4. References