Have a standard curve and determine the concentration of the samples. Get the mean, standard deviation for the two samples tested in triplicate and run a t.test. Is there a difference between the two samples? These were two different sets of serum (two different pigs). I would think they will be different but let's see.

Questions

As you should recall, glucose is a reducing sugar. There are many chemical assays for reducing sugars such as using Nelson's alkaline copper reagent or 3,5 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Why is an enzymatic assay the preferred method for blood glucose?

Convert a typical measurement of 95 mg/dL blood glucose into a mM amount.

The concentration of glucose inside a typical cell is about 1.0 mM. Why is the concentration of glucose inside the cell less than in the blood?

A typical red blood cell has a diameter of about 7 m. Although they are disk-shaped, let's assume they are a sphere and determine the number of glucose molecules in the cell?

Red blood cells are one of the few tissues that rely solely on glycolysis. How much ATP can be made from the amount of glucose in the red blood cell?

Based on questions 2-5, why is it important that the blood glucose concentration remain constant?

Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose (two glucose molecules linked by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond). A solution of maltose is tested with the DNS-reagent reducing sugar assay and found to be 50 mM. What would the concentration be measured as if this maltose solution is tested with the glucose-oxidase assay? Explain.

Search the literature, web-sites, wikipedia etc. and find an example of a clinical assay that uses coupled reactions involving an oxidase/peroxidase system. Reference you source and write down the reaction sequence.

Background: Determination of blood glucose is a fundamental test performed in a clinical laboratory. Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL in healthy adults and hyperglycemia is of course an indication of diabetes mellitus or other medical conditions. One of the more common methods for this determination is to use a glucose oxidase/peroxidase system.
The assay that will be used is called an Endpoint Enzymatic Spectrophotometric assay . Glucose oxidase (GOX) is found in various insects and fungi where it is used as an anti-bacterial agent [4]. GOX oxidizes -D-glucose in into D-gluconolactone with the subsequent production of hydrogen peroxide (eq. 1). Hydrogen peroxide is potent oxidizing agent used by many types of cells to kill pathogens. In the glucose assay the hydrogen peroxide that is released, combined with horseradish peroxidase (HPR), is used to oxidize a dye molecule that is monitored spectrophotometrically (eq. 2).
Many dyes have been used for this assay, but today, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, figure 1) will be used since it is stable, readily soluble in water and non-toxc

data given
standards 0.726 0.479 0.235 0.139 0.094 0.037 blank
sample 1 0.509 0.48 0.454
sample 2 0.462 0.497 0.539


mg/dL
200
100
50
25
12.5

(in a few short sentences) Explain why 10 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria when NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain and why only 6 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria when FADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain.

1) Toxicants

a) Which of the following is NOT a major storage site for toxicants?

Kidney

Blood brain barrier

Bone

Fat

Liver

b) Which of the following are true regarding toxicant excretion by the lungs? (check all that apply)

  Because the alveolar epithelium is so thin, toxicant transfer from blood into alveoli requires active transport

   Extensive capillary networks surrounding alveoli aids in rapid toxicant and gas exchange between blood and alveoli

   The structure of the capillary network and alveolar sacs creates an efficient route of elimination for volatile lipophilic toxicants

   The higher the solubility in blood, the more likely a toxicant is to be excreted by the lungs

Why is it that females tend to have lower accuracy for their EPD's?

The following is a sequence of nucleotides in a DNA double helix that codes for a short polypeptide. The messenger RNA encoded by this DNA has both translational initiation and termination codons.

                                    STRAND A: T T T A G T T A T C A A T C T T G G G T A G A A C

                                    STRAND B: A A A T C A A T A G T T A G A A C C C A T C T T G

1. Which strand is the template strand (2.5 pts)?
2. What is the polarity (5’ and 3’ ends) of the individual strands of the above DNA double helix? (type underlined and in bold at each end where the underlines are placed) (2.5 pts)
3. What is the base sequence of the mRNA encoded by this DNA?
4. Indicate the sequence and 5’ and 3’ ends of the resulting mRNA (IOWs, type out the sequence with the ends indicated, i.e., 5’ – AUGCCCGAU...-3’)

Hi, there are 2 parts of this question

S. superis is a rare flowering plant that can produce blooms in two colours, purple (P) and teal (p), and two shapes, four petals (F) and seven petals (f). Purple is dominant to teal, and four is dominant to seven petals. S. superis is a diploid organism, 2n = 4, that can both self-fertilize and mate with other plants of the same species (out-cross). You find one of these rare plants in your garden and it has purple flowers with four petals. Assuming this lonely plant must self-fertilize what potential offspring phenotypes could you see?

Select one:

a. Purple with seven petals

b. Purple with four petals

c. Teal with seven petals

d. All of the phenotypes listed are possible depending on the genotype of the plant.

Your friend is working with S. superis plants in the lab and has set up a cross between a plant with four purple petals and a plant with seven teal petals. Of the 200 offspring from the cross all have purple petals but about 1/2 have four petals and 1/2 have seven petals.

If you were to write out the cross that your friend set up what would it look like genotypically?

Select one:

a. PPFf X ppff

b. PpFf X PpFf

c. PpFF X ppff

d. PpFf X ppff

e. PPFF X ppff

Explain the mechanism of ribosomal frameshifting.

. Explain the process of alternative splicing. What does this process achieve for the virus?

Explain the general structure and function of an IRES element. Explain the polyprotein expression strategy.

Explain the general process of cap-dependent translation (what is the role of the cap?).

on the AP voltage curve that you drew above mark the following with letters and a pointer if needed

a treshold

b the point at which the Na+ channels first open(on the AP curve)

c the point at which the K+ channels first open (on the AP curve)

d the point at which the Na+ channels beguin to close (on the AP curve

E the point at which the K+ channels begin to close (on the AP curve)

1. How is reproduction different in birds and humans?
2. Do you think genetics have anything to do with producing eggs you buy in the store?
3. Why don’t birds generally reproduce during winter?
4. If birds do not reproduce during winter, why are eggs always available in the grocery store?
5. Why are light and heat useful environmental factors for controlling reproduction?
6. Describe the hormones that control reproduction in males and females.
7. Why did it take some time for reproduction to be triggered?
8. What different characteristics and behaviors were changed in the quail?
9. Why is it necessary to have genes under various controls in a cell?
10. Would any negative effects result from artificially creating a year-round breeding environment for quail or chickens?

Explain why the Bohr effect is good news for active muscles during exercise. How does this mechanism allow for effective gas exchange?

Provide two examples of how the immune response to bacterial antigens or toxins can cause severe disease and pathology. For each example, name the disease, the bacterial species, the corresponding bacterial toxin or antigen associated with the disease, and the immune response driving the pathology.