2) Biofilms and other multicellular behaviors a) Recall that bacteria (and archaea) exhibit both transient and permanent multicellularity. How does these behaviors benefit bacteria? What are the costs? b) What kinds of environmentts seem to favor multicellular behaviors? Recall our discussion in the lecture – two that we discussed at length were mechanical antibiotic & chemical resistance and evasion of predators. c) Explain quorum sensing, especially the details we discussed with the Vibrio fischerii example. d) Compare and contrast incipient vs patterned multicellularity, and fit the examples of Bacillus subtillis, Myxococcus xanthus, and Streptomyces spp. into your explanation. How do these examples challenge our notions of the divide between single-celled and multicellular organisms? e) What is the microbiome? What are some of the implications for human health?

Heart disease is top reason for death between citizens in USA and more modern countries. Fast food is main cause of unhealthful fats that cause drastically to heart disease. Think you're a judge lying on a test where a fast-food company is being charged for making a dangerous product. To what point do you believe manufacturers of harmful foods must be taken responsible for health effects of their products? As a jury member, how would you elect?

4. Continuing the example above of mating two plants, a homozygous recessive for pollen gran and flower color and the other heterozygous for both traits. A) What are the genotype and phenotype ratios you expect for the offspring? B) Which Mendelian assumption are you making when estimating those allele ratios?

1. The “novel coronavirus” (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing much concern this winter/spring is a member of the family Coronaviridae.  Describe the structure, and the nature of the genetic material, of the Coronaviridae.  

How did Lamarck’s theory of evolution DIFFER from that of Darwin’s?

Lamarck believed that Earth was old enough to provide a sufficient time scale for the process of evolution.

Lamarck believed that the environment played a significant role.

Lamarck believed that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime could be passed on to the next generation.

Lamarck believed that acquired character during an organism’s lifetime could not be passed on to the next generation.

1. Outline the steps of electrical conduction through the mammalian heart.

2. What is the importance of the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps?

3. What happens to heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and patterns of blood flow at the onset of exercise in humans?

The following mRNA fragment is responsible for coding exactly three amino acids, the 33rd, 34th, and 35th ones of a polypeptide that is made of 60 amino acids. The base sequence in this fragment is: ...AUGACUGAAUAA… Use the genetic code to name the amino acids in the order of addition to the growing polypeptide chain.

2. What is the differences in the formation of Endochondrial bone and Membrane bone?

Describe how cell metabolism affects the processing of a pear as it moves through the process of cellular respiration.  Be sure to list each step of cellular respiration and account for the energy released from the pear at each step.

You are growing C3 and C4 plants in normal (21%) and low (1%) O2 air, under both warm well-lit conditions and cool shady conditions. You find that, in general, the C3 plants have a photosynthetic advantage over C4 plants in: