Partial beta oxidation of a 12:0 fatty acid could yield which of the following in addition to an acyl-CoA longer than 3 carbons?

Correct Answer: 2 acetyl CoA + 2 FADH₂ + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺

Please explain how.

Your colleague in the lab next door is studying the disease cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) and discovers that the human homologue of the worm exc12 gene (human gene is HEXC12) is mutated in a small fraction of familial CCM patients. You decide to collaborate to test if this gene has a CCM phenotype in mouse, cultured cells, and zebrafish models.

1. Explain how you would generate a mouse model.

2. Based on its sequence you hypothesize that HEXC12 encodes as a small GTPase exchange protein (GEF) that might regulate the activity of RhoA or CDC42. Explain how you would test this hypothesis using cultured cells.

3. How would you determine if HEXC12 regulates the activity of the Rho kinase (ROCK) using cultured mammalian cells?

4. How would you determine if HEXC12 is required in the endothelium or surrounding smooth muscle for proper vascular development in the mouse?

5. To gain more insight into HEXC12 you decide to use zebrafish as a model system. Explain how you would determine if it has a CCM phenotype in fish.

DRAW the negative feedback involved with thermoregulation. Be sure to explain all parts of the feedback loop as well as why it is considered negative instead of positive.

The patient is a 7 year old male who has an abdominal mass. The mass involves his small bowel, and biopsy reveals a high grade tumor with starry sky pattern, small cells with high mitotic count and high apoptotic rate. Flow cytometry shows a population of cells expressing CD19, CD20 and CD10. FISH is positive for t(8;14).

What is the name of the abnormal gene?

The peripheral blood has large blasts with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm and irregular nuclei. The blasts have the same immunophenoptype as the small bowel tumor. What is your diagnosis?

What is Coomassie blue? How does it function?

(1.5 marks)

As an alternative to coomassie blue staining, a silver nitrate solution can be used. How does silver nitrate

staining differ and under which situations might it be used?

In which ways are vertical polyacrylamide gels and horizontal agarose gels the same? In which ways do

they differ?

5

In which loaded fraction (lane) would you expect to find the most proteins? The least? Explain

6

In your own words, provide a brief overview of next week’s lab. Include the experi

In a diploid organism, the IND gene encodes a transcriptional activator that binds to an enhancer upstream of the EXP gene. The REP2 gene encodes a repressor protein that binds to IND and blocks its activation domain in the absence of an inducer called costar. In the presence of costar, REP2 protein no longer blocks the activation domain of IND. Both genes (IND and RE2) are expressed in all cells. There are complete loss of function mutants available for both IND (designated IND-) and REP (REP-).

How much EXP protein would you expect to see in the following conditions. Briefly justify each answer:

a). wild-type cells, no costar present

b). wild-type cells, costar present

c). homozygous REP2- mutant, costar absent

d). homozygous REP2- mutant, costar present e). homozygous IND- mutant, costar absent

f). homozygous IND- mutant, costar present

What are the different steps the microbes cause diseases and three main/general microbial control methods employed?'

Which of the following statements about metabolism are true?

1) Catabolism is the process in which complex substances are broken down, yielding a net output of energy.
2) Metabolism is an integrated system in which many of the same reactions participate in degradative (catabolic) and biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways.
3) Anabolism involves the synthesis of polymeric biomolecules and complex lipids from monomers such as fatty acids and nucleotides.
4) All organisms require an external source of energy, such as glucose or sunlight, for metabolic energy.

The Thyroid

Discussion Assignment:

1. Thyroid hormones exert their effects on cells in a manner similar to steroid hormones; describe the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones.
2. Why would an imbalance in thyroid hormones have such widespread effects on the body?
3. Why was goiter observed in George’s case?
4. Why would calcium homeostasis be impaired in response to removal of the thyroid gland?
5. What could be used to specifically destroy the thyroid gland and have minimal effects on other cells and tissues in the body?

Case Study:

George is a thirty five year old hardware clerk. During his routine physical he casually mentions to his physician that he seems to be sweating more profusely than normal and most rooms that once were comfortable are now too "hot". At home a room that his wife and children find to be comfortable causes him to sweat profusely. George also reports that he seems to be losing weight even though his appetite has increased. He also complains that he has a shortened attention span and that he always wants to be moving around. Despite the fact that he feels fatigued, George claims to have difficulty sleeping and seems to have more frequent bowel movements, occasionally accompanied by diarrhea. The physician discovers George has lost 15 pounds since his last physical. In checking his chart, the physician finds that George has a negative history for chronic illnesses, does not smoke, and has a low risk for cardiovascular disease. He does however have a positive family history for autoimmune diseases. His father suffers from idiopathic thrombocytopenia, his mother has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and his oldest sister was recently diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Results of George's physical examination were within normal ranges with the exception of the following: he demonstrated tachycardia, loud heart sounds, and apparent cardiac arrhythmias accompanied by slight hypertension. These arrhythmias were confirmed by electrocardiogram to be supraventricular in origin. George's eyeballs appeared large and protruding and his hair was fine and soft. He was also beginning to demonstrate some degree of alopecia. George was also observed to have palmar erythema. palpation of the neck revealed the presence of goiter. Results of blood tests indicated elevated concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxin and triiodothyronine), hypercalcemia, and decreased circulating concentrations of lipids. Based on the physical characteristics and the results of the blood tests, George's physician suspected that George was suffering from some form of hyperthyroidism and sent him to an endocrinologist to confirm the initial diagnosis.

Following the initial consultation and examination, the endocrinologist ordered tests to determine whether George was indeed hyperthyroid. The test results indicated an elevation in the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies. These antibodies specifically stimulate the thyroid gland by binding with the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor located on the plasma membrane of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Based on these results, the endocrinologist concluded that George had Grave's disease, a form of hyperthyroidism believed to be autoimmune in nature. George was presented with a number of possible treatment options. These included treatment with chemicals (propylthiouracil and methimazole) that decrease the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, radioisotopic destruction of the thyroid gland by the use of ¹³¹I, and surgical removal of the thyroid gland. After considering all the options, especially the possible effects of radiation on gamete development, George chose surgery. Following successful surgery, George was prescribed synthetic thyroid hormone to ensure that his body was receiving adequate thyroid hormone and told to return within 2 months for a follow-up evaluation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. He was also cautioned to carefully monitor his calcium intake.

Subject Pathophysiology

What are four major functions of membrane proteins? How are membrane proteins inserted into the membrane - give details of two methods. Give a specific example of a protein that is an integral membrane protein. How can we determine from gene sequence information whether the protein will be an integral membrane protein?

Kidneys filter the blood and remove waste and extra fluid from the body and are essential for maintaining good health.

• What is one possible reason for kidney failure? Why would someone die if kidney failure occurs?
• Humans have two kidneys, but they can survive with one. Given the crucial function of the kidney, would you ever consider donating one of your kidneys to someone else? What factors would go into your decision?
• Hypothetically, what impact would having only one kidney have on a person’s health?

type in your own words

Questions to answer:

1. Do you think a potential new partner has the right to know if you had an STD?
2. At what time in a relationship do you share with a partner that you have an STD?
3. Would you mandate a new partner have an STD test before you get involved?
4. In your opinion, which 2 STDs would be the easiest to contract and why?

For your original post, you will need to create a thorough and thoughtful response to the discussion prompt. In your post, you must include information from at least two references A good post will clearly address the prompt and will include precise examples from the reading or source.  You also must end your post with a question/questions for the reader/students to respond to. 250 word requirement.

Describe a protocol for isolating mitochondria from rat liver and for estimating the purity of the preparation.