1) Create a chart that compares and contrasts the structure of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls.

2) Gram negative bacteria are considered more harmful than gram positive bacteria.What are the two reasons that contribute to this situation due to the unique characteristic of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria? (Minimum length : 150 words)

QUESTION 1

1. Which of the following is an enzyme?

   		a G protein
   		a G protein-coupled receptor
   		ATP
   		All of the above
   		None of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Which of the following is true for all enzymes?

   		They alter the transition state.
   		They decrease ΔG.
   		They provide energy for endergonic reactions.
   		They harness energy from ATP.

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. The pathway of glycolysis can be found in:

   		Anaerobic bacteria only
   		Anaerobic species only
   		All bacteria, but not Eukaryotes
   		All species

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following best explains why aerobic metabolism is "better" than anaerobic metabolism?

   		It produces water
   		It produces CO2.
   		It produces more ATP for every molecule of glucose oxidized.
   		It doesn't require glucose.

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. The Citric Acid Cycle nets _____ molecule(s) of ATP per molecule of glucose (assume GTP and ATP are interchangeable).

   		1
   		2
   		3
   		4

a. With reference to the concept of 'afinity maturation', briefly explain why IgG and IgA antibodies are generally of higher afinity than IgM antibodies.

b. Despite this, IgM antibodies can be very effective in activating complement and promoting phagocytosis of bacteria. Provide an explanation for this observation.

You may choose more than one answer. Which of the following phosphatases activate their substrates by phosphate group removal?

PPPs (phosphoprotein phosphatases)

PHLPP (PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases) isofroms

Protein kinase C

CD45 antigen (protein phosphatase, receptor type C)

You are working in a clinical laboratory, as an entry-level laboratory technician (average salary $35k-$58k/yr). You have purified a novel anti-viral (a cyclic peptide!) with a molecular weight of 2 kDa using ammonia sulfate precipitation. Describe how you would separate the ammonia sulfate from your novel anti-viral using dialysis. It may be helpful to draw a flowchart

Fauna hypotheticus crosses with a closely related animal that has 2n = 40 small chromosomes. They produce a viable hybrid offspring. Studies of the chromosomes of the hybrid animal during meiosis show both paired and unpaired chromosomes.

2.2 a. How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells of the hybrid offspring? (1)

b. Explain why the hybrid animal is sterile. (1)

c. Explain the presence of the paired chromosomes. (1)

give a comprehensive definition of the following term

*antigen
* antibody
* antiserum
* agglutination
* haemoglobin
* polyclonal antibodies
* monoclonal antibodies
* hybridomal cell
* agglutination

Hi, I am struggling to understand this worksheet my professor gave us for practice. Could someone make any sense of this?

The scenario: Sodium is found largely in the extracellular compartment with concentrations between 130-145 mM with intracellular sodium concentrations between 3.5-5mM. This chemical difference gives sodium a large concentration gradient, which when permitted (by opening of a channel or through facilitated transport) will move down its concentration gradient to enter the cell. Sodium also has a favorable electrical gradient; the cellular membrane potential sits at -70mV with the extracellular space sitting at 0 mV. Sodium being a cation, also has an electrical gradient that favors the inward movement of sodium when permitted. If we were to let sodium freely permeate across the cell membrane it would settle at its equilibrium potential where the two forces equally oppose each other. This value is +66mV, sodium would still have a favorable chemical gradient, but an unfavorable electrical gradient. At this point net inward movement down the chemical gradient would equally oppose the net outward movement down sodium's electrical gradient. Answer the questions below based on the above information:

ANSWER CHOICES: chemical gradient, electrical gradient, chemical and electrical gradient, equilibrium point

1. if a cell has a membrane potential of -90mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?  

2. if a cell has a membrane potential of -10mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

3. If a cell has a membrane potential of 0 mV and sodium can permeate the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

4. If a cell has a membrane potential of +66 mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

5. If a cell has a membrane potential at +90mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

6. Out of all the above scenerios, which membrane potential would yield the highest net rate of Na+ transport? The lowest?

12. How is regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis achieved in cells? Identify a component of this biosynthetic pathway that would be a good pharmacological target for regulating cholesterol biosynthesis. (6pts)

Question 4. Consider three person embryos – which are designed for couples with a female who carries mitochondrial mutations. In the process, we learned that two women can both have the same mitochondrial DNA mutation – but have radically different phenotypes.

(A) Explain/Describe how two individuals with the same mitochondrial mutation can have different phenotypes. Consider one woman with the mitochondrial mutation in part (A). She has no phenotypic abnormality, but is told she should consider the three person embryos to ensure her children don’t risk disease.

(B) Explain how it is possible her offspring are at risk if she has no phenotypic abnormality?

(C)Describe how it is possible that a mutation could result in paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. To help, consider why you (probably) don’t have any mitochondria inherited from your father.

Regarding skin cancer, Melanoma,

1) What cell type is affected?

2) Describe the defect in cellular reproduction responsible for the cancer.

3) Discuss therapy available for treatment of the disorder. Does the therapy treat the symptoms or the genetic nature of the disease? Explain.

1) When chemical methods of cell modification are used, how does the construct get into the cells? Briefly (in no more than 2 well-written sentences) explain the process using one particular type of chemical method as your example.

2) Briefly (in no more than 2 well-written sentences) hypothesize about how EITHER gene augmentation strategies OR gene inhibition strategies could be useful for treating a particular disease with gene therapy.