1. Compare calcium chloride transformation, electroporation and transfection. State the benefits and drawbacks of each method and describe the situations in which each method may be used.
2. What are the challenges of using biolistics for genetically modified organisms? Give one case study on the use of biolistics.
3. Explain the use of Agrobacterium tumerfaciens in genetically modifying crops?

26. With respect to alternative endocytosis pathways which statement is CORRECT?

A.Macropinocytosis only occurs when triggered by bacteria.

B.All cells can phagocytosebacteria.

C.All endocytosis pathways delivery their content to early endosomes.

D.Both macropinocytosis and phagocytosis contribute to processes involved in the host immune response.

E.Some endocytosis pathways occur from the Trans-Golgi Network.

After RNA primer is removed from the leading strand, why doesn't the leading strand have the end problem?

1. An average human body at rest consumes 300ml of oxygen per minute. How many liters is that in a day? Express in real numbers and exponentially.
2. Suzie attends ABIO202Z. The syllabus states that the total number of points possible in the course is 600 and that 80% of points are needed for a B-. Suzie has finished the course with 460.5 points. What percent of points possible has she achieved? Will she get a B-? If she does not have a B-, how many points will she need to get a B-?

Samos was a greek living about 300 bc. what scientific model did he develop? who developed the same idea nearly 2000 years later? why is this considered a period of non-progressive science.

Brian, Edison, and Kevin are lumberjacks who live next to a forest that is open to logging; in other words, anyone is free to use the forest for logging. Assume that these men are the only three lumberjacks who log in this forest and that the forest is large enough for all three lumberjacks to log intensively at the same time.

Each year, the lumberjacks choose independently how many acres of trees to cut down; specifically, they choose whether to log intensively (that is, to clear-cut a section of the forest, which hurts the sustainability of the forest if enough people do it) or to log nonintensively (which does not hurt the sustainability of the forest). None of them has the ability to control how much the others log, and each lumberjack cares only about his own profitability and not about the state of the forest.

Assume that as long as no more than one lumberjack logs intensively, there are enough trees to regrow the forest. However, if two or more log intensively, the forest will become useless in the future. Of course, logging intensively earns a lumberjack more money and greater profit because he can sell more trees.

The forest is an example of a_________ (A club good, A private good, A public good, A common resource).

Because the trees in the forest are________ (Excludabel, Nonexcludable) And ________ (Rival in consumption, Nonrival in consumption).

Depending on whether Edison and Kevin both choose to log either nonintensively or intensively, fill in Brian's profit-maximizing response in the following table, given Edison and Kevin's actions.

                          Edison’s and Kevin’s Actions

                                  Log nonintensively                      Log Intensively

Brian’s Profit Maximizing Response (Log intensively or Log nonintensively (Intesnively or Nonintensively)

Which of the following solutions could ensure that the forest is sustainable in the long run, assuming that the regulation is enforceable? Check all that apply.

1. Outlaw intensive logging.

2. Develop a program that entices more lumberjacks to move to the area.

3. Convert the forest to private property and allow the owner to sell logging rights.

Please explain things in the correct order so that it is easy to understand.

Chapter 1 - Introduction - page 1

UNSCRAMBLE THE WORDS

1. nedailacct  hsto                                                                              Infection of a host other than the normal host species (two words)

2. racreri                                                                                             A host harboring a parasite without

exhibiting clinical signs

3. scaimsmlnoem                                                                               Two different organisms in which one partner is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor injured

4. ifvtniedie tosh                                                                                  Where a parasite passes its adult existence (two words)

5. einfelatifdr dioginsas                                                                       The comparison of different diseases that exhibit similar symptoms (two words)

6. teonreasadpi                                                                                  A parasite established within the body of itshost

7. ctfalveatuti  ptasiera                                                                      A free-living potentially parasitic organism (two words)

8. iteermitdane tohs                                                                           The animal in which a parasite  passes its larval stage (two words)

9. otroglybia  airseapt                                                                        A parasite that cannot live apart from its host (two words)

10. mrpasietaia                                                                                     The presence of parasites in the

blood

Chapter 1 - Introduction - page 2

1. vrsreireo oths                                                                    Harbors a parasite from which a human may become infected (two words)

2. bysomsisi                                                                            Two different species exhibiting metabolic dependence by their relationship

3. rttarsnpo stoh                                                                    Carries a parasite from one location to another  to infect  a new host (two words)

4. srcvoet                                                                                Any arthropods that transport a pathogenic microorganism from an infected to a noninfectedhost

5. ozsoison                                                                              A parasitic disease that has accidentally infected a h

1. Describe at least 4 organelles/structures present in or associated with plant cells but not in animal cells. Be sure to include the function and any identifying structural components. Review basic cell organelles and structures that plants and animals share. Briefly describe the role of the organelle/structure.

- Determine the energetic cost of converting eight pyruvạtes bạck into four glucose.

-How does this compạre with the forwạrd pạthwạy of glycolysis (four glucose into eight pyruvạte)? Ạre they energy equivạlent?

Give scientific facts both supporting and disputing this statement: In deserts with periodic monsoon rains, CAM plants are better at accumulating biomass than C4 plants. Please give specific facts and reasoning of why you support and refute this statement.

A breeder has observed variations in coat colour and pattern in the guinea pigs she has bred over the years. Black coat colour (B) is dominant over red coat colour (b), and white spotted pattern (s) is recessive to solid pattern (S).

a. What progeny will be produced from mating a male that is heterozygous black, and heterozygous solid with a red, homozygous solid female? Show the genotypes, phenotypes, and the phenotypic ratio

b. A third trait for coat type, where curly coat (C) is dominant over straight coat (c) is introduced. What offspring are expected from mating a female guinea pig (BBSsCc) with a male guinea pig (bbssCc)? Show genotypes, genotypic ratio, phenotypes, and phenotypic ratio. How many individuals are homozygous for curly coat?

2) Biofilms and other multicellular behaviors a) Recall that bacteria (and archaea) exhibit both transient and permanent multicellularity. How does these behaviors benefit bacteria? What are the costs? b) What kinds of environmentts seem to favor multicellular behaviors? Recall our discussion in the lecture – two that we discussed at length were mechanical antibiotic & chemical resistance and evasion of predators. c) Explain quorum sensing, especially the details we discussed with the Vibrio fischerii example. d) Compare and contrast incipient vs patterned multicellularity, and fit the examples of Bacillus subtillis, Myxococcus xanthus, and Streptomyces spp. into your explanation. How do these examples challenge our notions of the divide between single-celled and multicellular organisms? e) What is the microbiome? What are some of the implications for human health?

Heart disease is top reason for death between citizens in USA and more modern countries. Fast food is main cause of unhealthful fats that cause drastically to heart disease. Think you're a judge lying on a test where a fast-food company is being charged for making a dangerous product. To what point do you believe manufacturers of harmful foods must be taken responsible for health effects of their products? As a jury member, how would you elect?