West Nile virus is capable of infecting many different organisms (humans, birds, raccoons, and so on). This information indicates that West Nile virus

1)Which of the following is (are) required for evolution?

A) highly stable genome

B) competition

C) heritable traits

2) The National Toxicology Program reported in 2016 that cell phone radiation increased brain tumor growth in male rats. Radiation can cause damage and mutations to DNA.

Suppose you wished to study this further. You mate these rats and find that the offspring have normal incidence of tumors. You would conclude that the tumors were most likely due to______ .

A) changes to the stomatic cells

B) changes to the gonadal cells

C) changes to the cells

If on the other hand, the offspring also had increased tumor growth, then you would conclude that the_______ .

A) changes occur in the stem cells

B)changes occur in the germ cells

C) tumor tissue was transferred to the offspring

Cell phones emit________ radiation when talking than on standby.

A) more

B) less

That would suggest that using a hands-free headset may be beneficial in preventing brain tumors. Ironically, if the phone is kept in the pocket during a call using a headset, then the genetic changes would be_________ .

A) less severe

B) prevented

C) more likely to pass to the next generation

3) Which of the following point mutations would have little or no effect on cellular function?

A) mutation from AUA to AUG

B) mutation in exon

C) mutation from CUC to AUU

D) mutation from UUA to UUG

E)mutation in regulatory region

4) Why does gene duplication promote evolution?

A)duplicated genes are under less selective pressure

B)duplicated genes are less likely to mutate

C)duplicated genes do not promote evolution

5) Urokinase and chymotrypsin (a digestive enzyme) have one domain in common with each other. This suggests that:

A) they are part of a gene family

B) they evolved through exon shuffling

6) Match the term with the best definition:

Terms:                                                             Definitions:

Exon shuffling                                                 A)allows bacteria to become antibiotic resistant

Point mutation                                                 B)often has a neutral effect

Horizontal transfer                                           C)involves errors in replication of chromosome ends

                                                                        D) can only occur in eukaryotes

7) What can you conclude about genetic differences and similarities between humans, chimpanzees, and E. coli?

Most conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Fairly conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Least conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Genetic deficiency in RAG-1 and genetic deficiency in TAP1 both lead to the same outcome: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), in which a patient has an almost completely nonfunctional adaptive immune response and is unable to fight off infections with normally harmless microbial organisms. ​EXPLAIN WHY​ deficiency in these two very different genes has the same clinical outcome. How will RAG-1 deficiency affect the immune system? How will TAP1 deficiency affect the immune system? How are these outcomes similar, and how are they different? Why would they give rise to the same set of medical symptoms?

a) How was fertilisation achieved before the introduction of chemicals? Hence, How are furrows produced and what effect do they have on agriculture?

b)What was the global impact of the Haber-Bosch process? Hence, if you can, please draw an Archimedes screw showing how it works and the direction of movement & flow.

thanks

Answer the following questions regarding ultimate and proximate reasons for animal behavior.

1. In a social hierarchy of animals, individuals that are ‘low’ in the hierarchy do NOT appear to realize many of the benefits accorded the dominant individuals. Why? In other words, what ultimate reasons explain why submissive individuals ‘tolerate’ this situation? What proximate reasons explain why submissive individuals tend to remain submissive?
2. In an agonistic encounter between two individuals of the same species, one of the individuals may find it 'fit to quit'. Why? In other words, what is the ultimate reason that explains this behavior? When may it be 'fit to quit'? In other words, what is (are) the proximate reason(s) which allow an individual to determine if would be 'fit to quit’?
3. It is not uncommon to see “baby” birds (e.g., American Robins or European Starlings) as large as their parents (and capable of flight and feeding themselves) begging to be fed by their parents. The parents often respond aggressively towards their offspring. Why? In other words, what is (are) the ultimate reason(s) that explains the parents behavior?

tell us something unique about yourself. Most likely, your 'unique' trait requires ENERGY. How do you think this is related to metabolic processes such as the Citric Acid cycle and Electron Transport chain?

Discuss the importance of risk management and quality assessment in preventing medical-legal issues or non-compliant activities. In this discussion, elaborate and/or describe Phase 3 of the Patient-Driven Payment Model. 200 words

3. Cell membranes contain a variety of integral and peripheral membrane proteins.

a. Explain the differences between symport, antiport and uniport proteins compared to ion channels.

b. There are a variety of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane with some relying heavily on the sodium/potassium ATPase pump. (1) Explain this relationship and indicate how this is important to the translocation of glucose across the intestinal lumen into the blood. (2) CHALLENGE: Suggest an in vitro experiment that would allow you to test this relationship and determine in which direction the glucose is transported (e.g. apical to basal vs basal to apical). Hint: See Fig. 11-30 in your text and associated text.

c. CHALLENGE: You purify an integral membrane protein and perform a hydropathy plot. Analysis of this protein shows 7 substantial peaks in the 0 to + range. You presume that this profile suggests that you may be working with a GPCR. Explain the basis for your reasoning and explain how you might be able to test this hypothesis.

Why genetic variation is important for the survival of offspring? Indicate the mechanisms that

generate genetic variation

This problem has two parts:

Part 1.

In one of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses, he observed 315 round, yellow, 108 round, green, 101 wrinkled, yellow, and 32 wrinkled, green F2s. Analyze these data using the χ²test to see if they fit: (a) a 9:3:3:1 ratio and (b) the round: wrinkled data fit a 3:1 ratio. Show all of your work.

Part 2.

For both (a) and (b) of the problem above, what does the calculated p-value mean (i.e. what is the probability the difference between your expected and observed data  is due to chance)?

From the polar amino acids with negative charge, give the following information:

1. Characteristics of this group
2. Select two examples and graph their chemical structure. Check your isoelectric point.
3. Identify the anomeric carbon in each of the amino acids
4. Build a 10 amino acid oligopeptide with polar and positively charged polar amino acids

24. Explain how cell-free extracts were used to identify the enzymes responsible for replication, transcription and translation.

25. Describe the process of replication and the enzymatic steps associated with the process. • Explain the phenomenon of DNA renaturation.

26. Compare the amount of genomic DNA that you might in a variety of organisms (bacteria, viruses, humans).

27. Explain the type of genome of RNA viruses and list the general mechanisms (enzymes) that they use to replicate their genomes.

2) The annelids are one of the numerous vermiform (worm like) species that we’ve examined this semester.

i) What are three features distinguish the annelids from other worms?

ii) How does their movement compare with the Platyhelminthes which prominently use adhesive/releaser glands to facilitate movement? Describe their movement using two examples from specific groups of annelids (in terms of structures and how they use them) in one or two paragraphs

iii) Describe the nervous and circulatory systems of the annelids and how it relates to their metermerism.

iv) Compare your answer from part iii with the myriopods

Renee and Karl have been married for six years, and have two active children, ages 2 and 5. The kids keep both parents busy, chasing the kids around and, recently, preparing the oldest child for kindergarten. In addition, both Renee and Karl work full time, so there isn’t a lot of free time to do things that are important to their health, like see the doctor for regular physicals. Both are healthy, so they haven’t been too worried.

Renee went for routine physical last week and had blood work drawn. (It had been three years since her last physical.) The doctor called during the day with some worrying results. After putting the kids to bed, Renee was ready to talk through the results with Karl. Karl, with a worried look on his face, asked what was up. Renee told him that her cholesterol levels were very high. In fact, her total cholesterol was 220. Her HDL was 20, and her LDL was 200. That information, combined with the fact that her father had passed away at a young age from a heart attack, worried the doctor…and Renee.

1) What are HDL and LDL?
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2)What is the normal role of cholesterol in the body? Do you need cholesterol? (Hint: Remember cell membranes.)
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3)What are the health consequences of high cholesterol?
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4)What could be causing Renee’s high cholesterol levels? Describe at least three possible contributing factors.
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