Explain how reverse transcriptase causes resistance to the viral protease inhibitor ritonavir

Expert Solution

Ans.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) inclusion in the antiviral regime has shown to be a very powerful and promising concept in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
The viral protease is required for cleavage of the viral precursor Gag and GagPol polyproteins, which results in mature infectious viruses and their spread.
PI resistance occurs frequently and it is generally a step-wise process.
In the beginning, mutations in the substrate-binding pocket of the protease are selected, which results in reduced binding of the PI (i.e., resistance) and the natural Gag and GagPol substrate affecting viral replication.
To compensate for loss of replication capacity (RC), additional mutations in the viral protease that improve processing efficiency of resistant protease are selected.
Also, some compensatory changes have been identified in the Gag substrate of the viral protease which were thought to adapt the virus to the drug resistant viral protease, and were considered to be compensatory changes that do not directly affect PI resistance.
However, several researh works carried out in cell lines as well as in lab animals have demonstrated that Gag cleavage site (CS) changes are able to reduce PI susceptibility and represent an alternative PI resistance mechanism.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

what is the function of protease? what is a protease inhibitor.

QUESTION 38 Viral capsules are studded with a. RNA polymerases b. Reverse transcriptase c. Proteins which...

QUESTION 38 Viral capsules are studded with a. RNA polymerases b. Reverse transcriptase c. Proteins which bind to host cell surface proteins d. Double-stranded DNA 2 points QUESTION 39 The scientists who worked out the structure of DNA and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery are: a. Darwin and Newton b. Hershey and Chase c. Morgan, Griffith and Avery d. Watson, Crick and Wilkins 2 points QUESTION 40 The two strands of the DNA double helix are...

The discovery of reverse transcriptase was worthy of the 1975 Nobel Prize as both destroyed the...

The discovery of reverse transcriptase was worthy of the 1975 Nobel Prize as both destroyed the central dogma and was a key advancement in the field of molecular biology. A. When making cDNA libraries from mRNA, we often run into the 5’ end problem, where the 5’ end of an mRNA is potentially undersampled/underrepressented. This prevents us from identifying information at the 5’ end reliably, including the transcriptional start site for the gene encoding the mRNA. Describe how we might...

Reverse Transcriptase (RTase) is an enzyme found in HIV. What is the function of this enzyme...

Reverse Transcriptase (RTase) is an enzyme found in HIV. What is the function of this enzyme in HIV’s life-cycle? What are some uses of RTase for human applications?

Explain the extrinsic regulation of GFR. Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such...

Explain the extrinsic regulation of GFR. Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.nnn

Compare reverse transcriptase, telomerase, and RdRPin terms of chemistry, substrate, product, and information source. This is...

Compare reverse transcriptase, telomerase, and RdRPin terms of chemistry, substrate, product, and information source. This is literally copied and pasted from the homework assignment so I cannot make it any clearer.

Describe the principles behind and the applications of the following: a) Reverse transcriptase-PCR b) Cloning DNA...

Describe the principles behind and the applications of the following: a) Reverse transcriptase-PCR b) Cloning DNA into a plasmid vector c) SDS-PAGE d) Restriction mapping e) Sanger Sequencing of DNA Note Detail explanation is required for each .

In RT-PCR, what does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do? Why is this step necessary for subsequent...

In RT-PCR, what does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do? Why is this step necessary for subsequent detection of the virus using PCR?

48. A therapy that targets HIV’s p24 protein would be most effective: A) During reverse transcriptase...

48. A therapy that targets HIV’s p24 protein would be most effective: A) During reverse transcriptase in the cytosol B) Interrupting the viral DNA splicing into the human cell’s DNA C) During fusion at the human cell’s membrane D) Interrupting the initial attachment of the virus on the human cell’s membrane E) Interrupting budding from the human cell’s membrane after the dormant period 49. What antibiotic (specific or subtype) could become ineffective from a mutation in the smaller ribosomal subunit...

The test for SARS-CoV-2 is actually a "RT-PCR test." That stands for reverse transcriptase polymease chain...

The test for SARS-CoV-2 is actually a "RT-PCR test." That stands for reverse transcriptase polymease chain reaction, in which the viral genome is goes through a reverse transcriptase reaction before going into the PCR reaction. Why must that be done before PCR?

Question