What is the order of electron flow in oxidative phosphorylation for the electrons coming from NADH? Additionally, What components in this electron flow are important for the production of ATP and what do these components do that is important?

biochem question:

At the pO2 in ACTIVE muscle tissue, would Mb or Hb be predicted to have the higher Kd value? Explain, correlating with function of the protein.

Would a protein with only tertiary structure ever display cooperative binding?

What is our current state of knowledge on DNA.

What Links genetic characteristics to DNA structure.

What are the steps in the process of protein synthesis.

How can it be that DNA through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the characteristics in the organism.

How can interference in protein synthesis can result in disruption of cellular and bodily processes?

All plants use the Calvin Cycle to incorporate CO₂ into simple sugars. C₃ plants (typical plants) obtain their CO₂ directly from the atmosphere but not without a cost. Explain this trade-off. What do C₄ plants and CAM plants do differently (in general) and why do they do it? Where do these species typically live? Why don’t all species use the C₄ or CAM photosynthetic process? In other words, what is the cost of doing C₄ or CAM photosynthesis?

What is osmosis in biology

what are four things they talked about in Edith Widder Video : Glowing life in an underwater world.

Partial beta oxidation of a 12:0 fatty acid could yield which of the following in addition to an acyl-CoA longer than 3 carbons?

Correct Answer: 2 acetyl CoA + 2 FADH₂ + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺

Please explain how.

Your colleague in the lab next door is studying the disease cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) and discovers that the human homologue of the worm exc12 gene (human gene is HEXC12) is mutated in a small fraction of familial CCM patients. You decide to collaborate to test if this gene has a CCM phenotype in mouse, cultured cells, and zebrafish models.

1. Explain how you would generate a mouse model.

2. Based on its sequence you hypothesize that HEXC12 encodes as a small GTPase exchange protein (GEF) that might regulate the activity of RhoA or CDC42. Explain how you would test this hypothesis using cultured cells.

3. How would you determine if HEXC12 regulates the activity of the Rho kinase (ROCK) using cultured mammalian cells?

4. How would you determine if HEXC12 is required in the endothelium or surrounding smooth muscle for proper vascular development in the mouse?

5. To gain more insight into HEXC12 you decide to use zebrafish as a model system. Explain how you would determine if it has a CCM phenotype in fish.

DRAW the negative feedback involved with thermoregulation. Be sure to explain all parts of the feedback loop as well as why it is considered negative instead of positive.

The patient is a 7 year old male who has an abdominal mass. The mass involves his small bowel, and biopsy reveals a high grade tumor with starry sky pattern, small cells with high mitotic count and high apoptotic rate. Flow cytometry shows a population of cells expressing CD19, CD20 and CD10. FISH is positive for t(8;14).

What is the name of the abnormal gene?

The peripheral blood has large blasts with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm and irregular nuclei. The blasts have the same immunophenoptype as the small bowel tumor. What is your diagnosis?

What is Coomassie blue? How does it function?

(1.5 marks)

As an alternative to coomassie blue staining, a silver nitrate solution can be used. How does silver nitrate

staining differ and under which situations might it be used?

In which ways are vertical polyacrylamide gels and horizontal agarose gels the same? In which ways do

they differ?

5

In which loaded fraction (lane) would you expect to find the most proteins? The least? Explain

6

In your own words, provide a brief overview of next week’s lab. Include the experi

In a diploid organism, the IND gene encodes a transcriptional activator that binds to an enhancer upstream of the EXP gene. The REP2 gene encodes a repressor protein that binds to IND and blocks its activation domain in the absence of an inducer called costar. In the presence of costar, REP2 protein no longer blocks the activation domain of IND. Both genes (IND and RE2) are expressed in all cells. There are complete loss of function mutants available for both IND (designated IND-) and REP (REP-).

How much EXP protein would you expect to see in the following conditions. Briefly justify each answer:

a). wild-type cells, no costar present

b). wild-type cells, costar present

c). homozygous REP2- mutant, costar absent

d). homozygous REP2- mutant, costar present e). homozygous IND- mutant, costar absent

f). homozygous IND- mutant, costar present

What are the different steps the microbes cause diseases and three main/general microbial control methods employed?'

Which of the following statements about metabolism are true?

1) Catabolism is the process in which complex substances are broken down, yielding a net output of energy.
2) Metabolism is an integrated system in which many of the same reactions participate in degradative (catabolic) and biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways.
3) Anabolism involves the synthesis of polymeric biomolecules and complex lipids from monomers such as fatty acids and nucleotides.
4) All organisms require an external source of energy, such as glucose or sunlight, for metabolic energy.