1. Glycolysis

2. Transition step

3. TCA cycle

4. Electron transport chain

For each of the above, answer the following questions:

Where in the cell does it take place? Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Number of ATP molecules produced?

Number of NADH/FADH2 produced?

What goes in, and what leaves? (reactants vs end products)

What is the relationship between diabetes, glucose in food, saliva, microvilli, blood transport of glucose, beta cells of pancreas, diabetes- elevated blood glucose, glomerulus, glucose in urine? Major emphasis on RELATIONSHIP

15. Differentiate between maternal inheritance and nuclear/general inheritance.

16. Explain how transformation was discovered and how it relates to the material of inheritance.

17. Explain how bacteriophage were used to show that DNA was the material of inheritance.

18. Explain how mutations are the toolbox of the geneticist and how mutations can be induced.

19. Explain the tetranucleotide hypothesis and how it was refuted by Chargaff. Explain the numerical relationships between nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Describe three different lead discovery approaches (other than rational)!?

And how would you discover a lead by a rational approach?

VNTRs are useful in DNA forensics because ________.

a. the VNTRs act as an identifier for a group of individuals

b. the VNTRs have very little variation in length

c. the VNTRs have exactly the same sequence between people

d. the number of VNTRs varies between people

Give a specific example of how the cytoskeleton functions in movement of a cellular component or of the whole cell itself. Your example must include the specific element of the cytoskeleton involved and details about how movement is created.

Mammalogy: Compare and contrast

Homoplasy

• Parallelism

• Convergence  

Phylogeny

• Cladistic grouping

• Phylogeny

1. Entomologists (scientists who study insects) agree that it’s difficult to measure intelligence in insects. However, most say that the social insects seem to show the highest degree of intelligence (demonstrating memory, problem solving, learning, etc.). Why do you think social insects are so smart compared to other insects? Provide two reasons in your answer.

2. What do you think would happen if you stimulated an axon in its middle rather than at the axon hillock? Explain your reasoning.

3. Many neurotoxins have been used extensively in physiological studies of neurons. When comparing tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish and batrachotoxins from poison dart-frogs, the former had no effect on a neuron's resting potential but completely stopped its action potential, whereas the later toxin immediately initiates depolarization of a neuron but prevents repolarization. Can your group hypothesize how these toxins affect the nerve transmission differently?

Consider a locus with two alleles - B and b. B is dominant, while b is recessive. There is no mutation. B has a selective advantage relative to b, so that the fitnesses of the three genotypes are BB = 1, Bb = 1, and bb = 1-s. In this case, s = 0.50, so that bb homozygotes have 50% fitness of heterozygotes and BB homozygotes. If the population has the following genotypic counts prior to selection of BB = 500, Bb = 250, and bb = 250, what is the frequency of B after one generation with selection? Please give your answer to two decimal places.

Note: the answer is not .39 or .625

2) What are the essential molecules of life? Discuss these molecules in relation to two examples of early research investigating the origins of life. (who was doing the research??).