What are some of the ways the immune system prevents tumors from developing?

Please answer those questions

1.   Name three forces or processes that constrain trait values.

2. If a trait does not impart function, it may be lost or become vestigial through time. Why?

3.. Stress tolerance can range from broad to narrow. Without considering environmental variability, what type of stress tolerance yields higher fitness for an organism?

4.Distinguish between fine- and coarse-grained environments.

Briefly describe the composition of telomerase.

Pick all the product(s) of photosynthesis which are used in cellular respiration:

ATP

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Water

glucose

oxygen gas (O2)

What are some possible mutations in a gene that have fully processed mRNA which is transported out of the nucleus but no protein is made during this process.

A 25 year old woman who was being treated for breast cancer went to her doctor complaining of a sore mouth and difficulty swallowing. The doctor examines her mouth and found white patches on the inside as well as on her tongue. The white patches looked like cottage cheese or milk curds.

The doctor was able to make his diagnosis based on the physical examination, but decided to take a culture and send it to the clinical laboratory for definitive identification.

The Laboratory made a wet mount of the sample and observed clusters of budding yeast cells, and pseudohyphae. Pseudohypahe are a series of buds remaining attached to the print cell and appearing as filamentous hypha. The laboratory was able to make a presumptive identification of the type of yeast so the doctor could start treatment. The doctor prescribed a topical imidazole treatment. The Patient noticed improvement after two weeks.

ANSWER 1-6

1. What was the diagnosis that the doctor could make based on his observation?
2. What was the name of the yeast that was identified? (GENUS SPECIES)
3. Where is this yeast normally found?
4. What is the most likely reason this cancer patient got the disease?
5. What is the drug of choice if the topical treatment did not work?
6. List the references used to answer these questions.

1. explain the structural principles behind the gram stain.

2. what can you learn by conducting a gram stain ?

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is an enzyme that converts tyrosine to L-Dopa. In your lab, you genetically engineer a mouse that can't make TH. What neurotransmitter system(s) would be affected?

a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. all of the above e. (b) and (c) only

In worms, the genes for the production of the enzyme Aldolase and the enzyme Hyclase are on the same chromosome. A = dominant, can produce Aldolase; a = recessive, cannot produce Aldolase. H = dominant, can produce Hyclase; h = recessive, cannot produce Hyclase.

You cross an AaHh worm with an aahh worm and get the following progeny:

16 Wild type

76 Do not produce Aldolase

82 Do not produce Hyclase

12 Produce neither Aldolase nor Hyclase

A) (3 pts) What is the haplotype for the AaHh parental worm? Explain your answer  

B) (3 pts) What is the haplotype of the 16 wild type worms in the F1 generation? Explain your answer

C) (6 pts) What is the map distance between the aldolase and hyclase genes? Explain your work.

Diagram a mechanism of action for the sodium potassium ATPase.

3. Predict the possible appearance of the children of Bob and Sue Everyperson, a young couple who now live in

Centralia. We are tracking two genes: hair line and earlobes. These genes are located on non-homologous

chromosomes. The allele for widows peak (W) is dominant to the allele for a smooth hairline (w). The allele for free

ear lobes (F) is dominant to the allele for attached ear lobes (f). Bob’s genotype is WwFf. Sue’s genotype is wwff.

3a. What type of hair line and earlobes does Bob have? What type of hair line and earlobes does Sue have?

3b. How many different gametes can Bob produce? List these gametes? How many different gametes can Sue produce? List these gametes.

3c. Using a Punnett square, show the genotype and phenotype of all possible combinations between the

gametes from Bob and Sue. What is the likelihood that their first child will have a widow’s peak and attached

ear lobes?

1. Observe the two sets of plates. Determine the CFU/mL of each solution (Normal and Heated), remembering to use a plate that has 30 – 300 colonies for statistical reliability. Is there a difference in the CFU/mL counts for the two treatment conditions? If so, what do you think accounts for this difference?
2. How are the colonies from the two treatment conditions different (e.g., size, color, shape)?
3. What effect does the heating and cooling procedure have on the microorganisms present in the soil samples?
4. What is the source of the colonies in the heated samples?

First, consider the cellular basis of long-term potentiation (LTP). Where in the brain does this occur and what happens? In your answer, include details of the neurotransmitters and receptors involved as well as what happens at the level of the receptor to enable LTP. Also, describe the changes that occur in both the presynaptic and post-synaptic cells as a result of LTP.

It is 7:00am and your alarm is ringing. You reach over to turn it off.

Describe what just happened in your nervous system.

Include the following terms in your answer: frontal lobe, action potential, ACh, brain stem, synapse, neurotransmitter, temporal lobe, axon terminal, motor nerve, spinal cord.