1) Charles Darwin's argument for natural selection can be presented in a variety of ways. In class we discussed four postulates for natural selection (note: a reasonable statement or assumed truth used in developing mathematical or logical reasoning). Identify and briefly describe the four postulates of natural selection.

2) In many animal societies there is a pattern of limited dispersal where members of a group stay together and other members of the group leave (disperse) and join up with different groups. What is likely the difference between the members of the group that stay versus those that leave, and what are the fitness benefits of this arrangement (a complete response will indicate who benefits and why)?

3) Explain what is meant by the principle of allocation, and how might we expect this principle to constrain life histories. Give at least one specific restriction on a life history trait that is result of the principle of allocation.

4) When using the mark-recapture method to estimate a population size, we make a variety of assumptions. Describe at least two assumptions that are violated in following example, and how those violations are like to affect the estimate of population size. Also identify at least one assumption that appears to have been satisfied.

A population of butterflies inhabiting a fieldworker is sampled: captured individuals are marked by brushing a Sharpie pen across the wing, but sometimes the wing is damaged as a result of this marking technique. After the sample is marked, the butterflies are releases and a researcher observes a few of the marked individuals flying away from the field and into a nearby wooded area. When the population is resampled the next day, one of the collectors is seen specifically targeting butterflies that had been previously captured and marked.

Flower color in pea plants exhibits complete dominance as the purple allele is completely dominant over the white alleles.

A) Out of 276 pea plants, 273 have purple flowers. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, calculate the Expected allele frequencies.

B) A group of students counts 552 pea plants. Based on the expected allele frequencies, how many should have purple flowers and how many should have white flowers?

3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of transcription? Which enzyme will complete transcription? 3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of translation? Give a silent mutation using arginine

What is used to “digest” DNA?

Select one:

A. Agarose powder

B. Restriction enzymes

C. TAE buffer

D. Pipettes

What is DNA’s electrical charge?

Select one:

A. Positive

B. Alternating (Both positive and negative)

C. Negative

D. Neutral

EcoRI recognizes which of the following sequences of DNA nucleotides?

Select one:

A. 5’ CCTTAAG 3’

B. 5’ GGCC 3’

C. 5’ GAATTC 3’

D. 5’ UUCGTA 3’

Scientists originally used __________ to create DNA profiles of individuals.

Select one:

A. EKROLs

B. DRKDFs

C. VNTRs

D. FWVIVs

Who is credited for being the first person to use DNA profiling to solve a crime?

Select one:

A. James Watson

B. Maurice Wilkins

C. Francis Crick

D. Alec Jeffreys

Determine the correct answer and explain why it is correct. Identify why the other options are not correct.

1. Which one of the following correctly describes how the acetyl-CoA is metabolized in the mitochondria?

1. One molecule of acetyl-CoA produces two molecules of CO₂, three molecules of NADH, one molecule of FAD(2H) and one molecule of ATP.
2. All of the energy for high-energy phosphate bonds is derived from oxidative phosphorylation.
3. NAD⁺ is the only electron acceptor in the cycle.
4. Substrate-level phosphorylation generates one high-energy phosphate bond during the cycle.
5. The TCA cycle requires large amounts of vitamins C and D as coenzymes.

1)Compare Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells.

Mendelian Genetics

In tomato plants, the gene R has two alleles that control fruit color: the R allele is dominant and produces red tomatoes; the r allele is recessive, and when homozygous produces yellow tomatoes. Gene T controls plant height: the T allele is dominant and produces tall plants; the t allele is recessive and when homozygous produces dwarf plants. Genes R and T undergo independent assortment.

A. Parental tomato plants of genotype RRTT and rrtt are crossed. What genotype and phenotype do you expect in the F₁ generation?

B. The F₁ tomatoes are interbred. Draw a Punnett Square to predict the genotypes and phenotypes that will be seen in the F₂ generation. Why is this only a prediction?
C. What fraction of the F₂ generation is expected to be purebreeding?
D. Would you expect to see the same or different results if the parental tomato plants had genotypes RRtt and rrTT?

You may choose more than one answer. Which of the following is a mechanism of signal amplification in the cAMP-PKA pathway?

One signal molecule, epinephrine, activates lots of G-proteins.

When activated, adenylyl cyclase synthesizes many cAMP molecules.

cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) can activate a number of target proteins by phosphorylation.

Proteins phosphorylated by PKA can further activate other proteins that make other products

Discussion Topic: Teaching Chemistry for Understanding

Re-explain the following topic as if you were teaching it to others in a way they can understand it.

Explain Enzyme Structure and Function in a minimum of 200 words.

According to the CDC, more than half of all Americans consumed a supplement in 2012. Supplements are common in our culture, and many people think they need to consume a supplement to be healthy. Are supplements safe? In this forum, we will investigate vitamin and mineral supplements.

Using your favorite search engine, find a vitamin and mineral supplement and evaluate it. In your initial forum post, discuss the following:

• What is the cost of these supplements?
• How do the amounts of vitamins and minerals in the product compare with the DRIs, AI, and UL?
• Are the levels of nutrients safe?
• What compounds are included that are not essential nutrients?
• What disclaimers or warnings are made about the product? Does the manufacturer provide scientific evidence to back up their claim?
• How likely is the supplement to improve a person’s health?

Discuss a different good microorganism (e.g., a bacteria or fungus) and the benefits of this good microorganism. Be sure to properly cite your source for the microorganism you have chosen.

Record your estimate of neurocranial size relative to face size, and the presence or absence of postorbital construction of primates. (Use ratios)

Just use your best guess, was given no other information

1. Explain the different steps that you would go through to if you decide to have prenatal genetic testing. (4 pts)

1. Which is the earliest species of hominin to be found outside of Africa?

2. List a couple features of "archaic" Homo sapiens, as compared to Homo erectus

3. List a couple features of "archaic" Homo sapiens, as compared to modern humans.

4. What two groups of people made an appearance around 150,000 years ago