A direct shear test is conducted on a large specimen of dry sand (square cross section with following dimensions: 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm x 3.0 cm [height], Mass = 271.0 g) with a normal stress of 500 kPa. Failure occurred when the horizontal force was 1.96 kN. For the same sand, tests were also conducted to determine the specific gravity and the maximum and minimum void ratios. These tests yielded the following results: Gs= 2.65, emax=0.80, emin = 0.45. a) Calculate the relative density of the sand specimen b) Determine the friction angle of the soil. c) A triaxial specimen (H= 8.0 cm, D = 3.8 cm, Dr~45%) is prepared using the same sand. The test is performed on a saturated specimen with a chamber pressure of 500 kPa and an initial value of the pore pressure u of 100 kPa. Assuming that the results of the direct shear test can be used to predict those of the triaxial test, at what value of the total axial stress does the triaxial specimen fail?

2. The La Salle Bus Company has decided to purchase a new bus for $95,000 with a trade-in of their old bus. The old bus has a BV of $10,000 at the time of the trade-in. The new bus will be kept for 10 years before being sold. Its estimated SV at that time is expected to be $15,000.

a. Determine which asset class of the bus.
b. Determine annual Straight-Line Depreciation charge.

Shouldgovernment (state or federal) subsidies be provided to rural communities for the recycling of paper, plastics, glass, and tin cans? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such subsidies? Could the money that would be spent on such subsidies be spent more effectively? How?

Consider a lake with 65 × 106 m2 of surface area for which the only source of phosphorous is the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The lake is receiving a flow rate of 1 m3/s from the wastewater treatment plant, which has a phosphorous concentration of 20 mg/L. The lake is also fed by a stream having 20 m3/s of flow with no phosphorous in it. If the phosphorous settling rate is estimated to be 10 m/yr. (a) Write down the phosphorous mass balance equation for the lake and draw a control volume diagram for the lake showing influent streams, effluent streams, point-discharge source. (b) Estimate the average phosphorous concentration in the lake at steady-state. (c) Bonus Q: What level of phosphorous removal at the treatment plant would be required to keep the average lake concentration below 0.02 mg/L?

For construction project risk and conflict management: Provide a comparison between Dispute Resolution Techniques and compare them based on their process time, cost, and legal aspects.

The room is 5*6
Steel yield stress (fy = 60000 psi)
Concrete ultimate compressive strength (f’c = 4000 psi)
Reinforced concrete density = 150 lb/ft3.
Normal weight concrete is used.

The slab is treated as a one way slab and subjected to a dead load of 120 psf (excluding the self-weight
of the slab) and a live load of 220 psf.
- The slab is supported by beams on the edges.
- There is a column at each corner of the slab supporting the beams.
- Each beam is sitting on a non-load-bearing wall.
Design
- The slab
- The beams
- The columns
Carry out all ACI code checks and sketch your designs.

Q2. a) Explain the penetration test carried out on bitumen, state its significance and draw the test apparatus.

b). Mention the main factors considered in the choice of construction materials at the design office – is any of them more important than the other?

c). What factors affect the weldability of steel?

d). Consider the iron value chain from material extraction to disposal, at what point according to your assessment is the most energy used? As a design engineer, at what stage do you think is your intervention most important and what role can you play in making iron more sustainable?

why we don't use density，average speed，and volume to describe the intersection LOS(LEVEL OF SERVICE)

Compare the methods of measuring tensile strength by (a) direct tension; (b) splitting tension; (c) flexure.

What is truly elastic material? Is concrete truly elastic? If not, why? Describe the various stages of micro cracking when a concrete specimen is loaded to failure (please use sketches to explain the behavior and the micro cracking).

1. What is the best system to use for thermal control?
2. When would perimeter radiant heating be most logical as the primary means of thermal control?
3. What are some of the benefits of a central environmental control system over distributed "individual" systems?
4. What are some of the benefits of using distributed "individual" systems over a central environmental control system?
5. Sustainability ("Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs") is often assumed to be concerned with reducing energy use, minimizing environmental pollution, maximizing our natural resources, and even providing economic savings. How might these related concerns actually be in conflict with each other?

The detail of column and pad footing are as under:                                                                             [5]

                Size of column: 300 mm x 300 mm.                                                                                           

Live load on column: 900 kN.

Dead load on column: 1200 kN.

Soil Bearing Pressure: 180 kN/m² and Depth of footing as 400 mm

Nominal cover: 50 mm and 20 mm diameter bars for reinforcement

1. Design the footing for bending.     
2. Check the footing in two way shear.         

iii. Write the reasons for considering the service loads for dimensioning of the footing and factored loads for calculating the factored soil pressure.

2. Consider f_cu=40 N/mm², f_y=460 N/mm², severe exposure condition and 2 hours of fire resistance for all the questions.
3. Use B.S 8110 for all your calculations and references.
4. Draw the structural detailing after designing each member for all the questions.
5. Unit weight of concrete as 25 kN/m³

Determine the shear stress developed on a 3-m circular shaft with D=250 mm, G = 83GPa applied with the torque, T = 100 kN-m,

a. at the center of the cross-section

b. at a point 50 mm away from the center

c. at a point 100 mm away from the center

d. maximum distance from the center