Shouldgovernment (state or federal) subsidies be provided to rural communities for the recycling of paper, plastics, glass, and tin cans? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such subsidies? Could the money that would be spent on such subsidies be spent more effectively? How?

Consider a lake with 65 × 106 m2 of surface area for which the only source of phosphorous is the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The lake is receiving a flow rate of 1 m3/s from the wastewater treatment plant, which has a phosphorous concentration of 20 mg/L. The lake is also fed by a stream having 20 m3/s of flow with no phosphorous in it. If the phosphorous settling rate is estimated to be 10 m/yr. (a) Write down the phosphorous mass balance equation for the lake and draw a control volume diagram for the lake showing influent streams, effluent streams, point-discharge source. (b) Estimate the average phosphorous concentration in the lake at steady-state. (c) Bonus Q: What level of phosphorous removal at the treatment plant would be required to keep the average lake concentration below 0.02 mg/L?

For construction project risk and conflict management: Provide a comparison between Dispute Resolution Techniques and compare them based on their process time, cost, and legal aspects.

The room is 5*6
Steel yield stress (fy = 60000 psi)
Concrete ultimate compressive strength (f’c = 4000 psi)
Reinforced concrete density = 150 lb/ft3.
Normal weight concrete is used.

The slab is treated as a one way slab and subjected to a dead load of 120 psf (excluding the self-weight
of the slab) and a live load of 220 psf.
- The slab is supported by beams on the edges.
- There is a column at each corner of the slab supporting the beams.
- Each beam is sitting on a non-load-bearing wall.
Design
- The slab
- The beams
- The columns
Carry out all ACI code checks and sketch your designs.

Q2. a) Explain the penetration test carried out on bitumen, state its significance and draw the test apparatus.

b). Mention the main factors considered in the choice of construction materials at the design office – is any of them more important than the other?

c). What factors affect the weldability of steel?

d). Consider the iron value chain from material extraction to disposal, at what point according to your assessment is the most energy used? As a design engineer, at what stage do you think is your intervention most important and what role can you play in making iron more sustainable?

why we don't use density，average speed，and volume to describe the intersection LOS(LEVEL OF SERVICE)

Compare the methods of measuring tensile strength by (a) direct tension; (b) splitting tension; (c) flexure.

What is truly elastic material? Is concrete truly elastic? If not, why? Describe the various stages of micro cracking when a concrete specimen is loaded to failure (please use sketches to explain the behavior and the micro cracking).

1. What is the best system to use for thermal control?
2. When would perimeter radiant heating be most logical as the primary means of thermal control?
3. What are some of the benefits of a central environmental control system over distributed "individual" systems?
4. What are some of the benefits of using distributed "individual" systems over a central environmental control system?
5. Sustainability ("Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs") is often assumed to be concerned with reducing energy use, minimizing environmental pollution, maximizing our natural resources, and even providing economic savings. How might these related concerns actually be in conflict with each other?

The detail of column and pad footing are as under:                                                                             [5]

                Size of column: 300 mm x 300 mm.                                                                                           

Live load on column: 900 kN.

Dead load on column: 1200 kN.

Soil Bearing Pressure: 180 kN/m² and Depth of footing as 400 mm

Nominal cover: 50 mm and 20 mm diameter bars for reinforcement

1. Design the footing for bending.     
2. Check the footing in two way shear.         

iii. Write the reasons for considering the service loads for dimensioning of the footing and factored loads for calculating the factored soil pressure.

2. Consider f_cu=40 N/mm², f_y=460 N/mm², severe exposure condition and 2 hours of fire resistance for all the questions.
3. Use B.S 8110 for all your calculations and references.
4. Draw the structural detailing after designing each member for all the questions.
5. Unit weight of concrete as 25 kN/m³

Determine the shear stress developed on a 3-m circular shaft with D=250 mm, G = 83GPa applied with the torque, T = 100 kN-m,

a. at the center of the cross-section

b. at a point 50 mm away from the center

c. at a point 100 mm away from the center

d. maximum distance from the center

The service load bending moments on a beam are 128 kip-ft for dead load and 107 kip-ft for live load. The beam is 12 in. wide, f’c is 3000 psi and fy is 60 ksi. Determine Mu, Mt, p, R, the depth of the beam and the As of tensile reinforcing required. How many no. 8 bars or No. 10 bars would have the required As?

Explain how Design-Bid-Build and Design-Build project delivery methods can differently affect on management of project changes, claims, and disputes (Max 200 words).