Question

1-Name as many connective tissues as possible that are found in or on bones. What are their functions? brief explanation.

2-How would you treat osteoporosis? Why would this treatment work? provide detail. Need brief explanation

3-Why are infants considered "bouncy"?Why would a baby be less likely to break a bone than a female octogenarian? Need brief explanation

Answer 1

Ans 1:

• Bones consists of the following connective tissues:

(i) Dense connective tissues (Ligament and Tendons).

(ii) Specialized connective tissues (Periosteum).

• The primary functions of dense connective tissue of bones are:

(i) It binds bones together i.e. it connects bones to bones at joints using ligaments (fibrous connective tissue).

(ii) It attaches muscles to bones i.e. muscles are attached to bones using tendons (fibrous connective tissue).

(iii) It transfers force from muscles to bones i.e. force generated within the muscle fibers is then transferred via tendons to the bones.

• The primary functions of specialized connective tissue (periosteum) are:

(i) These are present on outer covered surface of bones to provide protection for bone tissue.

(ii) It consists of two layers (a) Outer fibrous layer and (b) Inner cellular layer.

(iii) It serves as a transporting channel for nutrients as well as blood supply for bone tissue.

Ans 2:

Osteoporosis treatment involves some approach to treat the disease that includes:

(A) Pharmacological Approach of Treatment:

(i) Bisphosphonates: These are anti-resorptive drugs that slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk of bones. e.g. Risedronate, Zoledronic acid, Alendronate and Ibandronate.

(ii) Calcitonin: This hormone helps to prevent spinal fracture in postmenopausal women, also to decrese high blood levels of calcium and it can help manage in case of fractures as well.

(iii) Estrogen hormone: These are also called as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). These hormones reduces the risk of spine related fractures in women after menopause. e.g. Raloxifene.

(iv) Parathyroid hormone: This drug is useful for people with a very high risk of fracture as this drug stimulates bone formation. e.g. Teriparatide, Abaloparatide.

(v) Immune therapy: It is a newest type of drug treatment that shown to reduce the risk of fracture in women and men. e.g.Denosumab.

(B) Non-pharmacological Approach of Treatment:

(i) No smoking: Smoking can reduce the growth of new bone and decreases estrogen levels in women.

(ii) Stop alcohol: By limiting the alcohol intake, it can encourage healthy bones and also prevent bone falls.

(iii) Weight reducing exercise: e.g. walking.

(iv) Exercise: Some exercises that promote flexibility and balance e.g. Yoga.

(v) Dietary calcium and Vitamin D: Calcium is essential for bones and Vitamin D is required for optimum absorption of calcium.

Ans 3:

Infants are considered bouncy because their bones are more flexible and bend instead of breaking easily. As compare to a female octogenarian, a baby is less likely to break a bone because baby's bones are much more softer, flexible while a female with age more than 80 years having harder and brittle bones which are more likely to break. The chemical composition of bones among these two groups i.e. infants and a female octogenarian is also very much different.