Explain the initiation and regulation of labor contraction including all organs and hormones (and hormone-like molecules) that participate in the process. Describe the positive feedback mechanism of labor contractions. Why do you think the slow intravenous injection of synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin®) can be used to induce parturition (childbirth)? After childbirth, pituitary-derived oxytocin also triggers milk ejection. What is the initial stimulus for the secretion of oxytocin? What is the target cell type of oxytocin in the mammary gland? For parturition, which layer of the uterus does this hormone act on?

1. What are some ways your body regulates the increase of body temperature that also occurs when exercising? Do you think your internal body temperature responded in the same way as your external skin body temperature? Explain.

discuss lungs volumes and capacities

1. The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his inspiratory capacity is 3200 and his residual volume is 1000, what is his ERV and FRC?

2. TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000, What is the FRC and RV?

3. VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV= 1000, RV = 1000, what is TLC?

The total volume of air Sally can inhale is 3400 mL after a quiet exhalation. When Sally is sitting still she breaths 400 mL and there’s 2200 mL of air leftover in her lungs. Calculate or figure out the following values: TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV

5. When at rest, Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can fit 7000mL of air, only 5500 can move in and out, if he really really tries. Normally, there’s 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet exhalation. Calculate or figure out ERV, TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV

(1) When engaged in involuntary breathing, which of the following volumes enter and/or exit the lungs? ERV, IRV, TV, VC. Which ones are always voluntary?

12. The calcium channels are found in the axon terminal end of the neuron (True/False): _________

13. During depolarization ___________ channels open and _______ ion rushes into the cell.

14. During repolarization _____________ channels open and ________ rushes out of the cell.

15. The resting membrane potential is restored by _________________.

A. Na channel B. Calcium channel C. Potassium channel D. Na/K voltage gated channel

16. Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

    a. long distance signaling b. intensity of stimulation c. voltage stimulus to initiate d. voltage regulated repolarization

17. When threshold is reached, this results in __________ potential which is the basis for nerve impulse.

18. Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

    a. the myelin sheath b. large nerve fibers c. diphasic impulses d. erratic transmission of nerve impulses

19. The synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitter Ach into the synaptic cleft via

    a. Endocytosis b. Exocytosis c. Transcytosis d. Phagocytosis

4. The movement of sodium and potassium ions via sodium channel and potassium channel proteins is

A. Active Process B. Passive process C. Both D. None of the above

5. The Na/K voltage gated channel protein uses __________ to move sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane.

6. The ion, which conduct electricity, is:

a. A charged atom b. a charged molecule c. Both A and B are correct d. none of these are correct

7. In a resting membrane potential, the inside of a cell is ____________, and the cell exterior is _____________.

8. The resting membrane potential, if measured by a voltmeter is ________mV.

9. The area of the neuron that receives the stimulus is ______________.

10. The area of the neuron that transmits the impulse is __________.

11. The dendrite and cell body of the neuron contains the following protein

A. Neurotransmitter receptor B. sodium channel C. Na/K pump D.. all of the above

1. How is the contraction of a skeletal muscle cell different than the contraction of a smooth muscle cell? How does this aid in each muscle cell's function? 2. What is the purpose of myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers? Why is there more myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers than in fast-twitch fibers? 3. What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells and some smooth muscle cells?

discuss the gas exchange mechanism in the body

discuss the respiratory system lung volume and capacities

discuss the respiratory system lungs volumes and capacities
the gas exchange mechanism in the body
briefly describe the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

what is the difference between sheep ureter vs human ureter

1. Diagram how the respiratory system and the renal system compensate in the body to maintain blood pH.
2. Complete this Case Study: Bob is a 64-year-old male admitted to the emergency room for asthma. His laboratory results are as follows: pH 7.31, pCO₂ higher than normal, and total HCO₃^– also higher than normal. Classify his acid-base balance as acidosis or alkalosis, and as metabolic or respiratory. Is there evidence of compensation? Propose the mechanism by which asthma contributed to the lab results seen.*
3. Complete this Case Study: Kim is a 38-year-old women admitted to the hospital for bulimia. Her laboratory results are as follows: pH 7.48, pCO₂ in the normal range, and total HCO₃^– higher than normal. Classify her acid-base balance as acidosis or alkalosis, and as metabolic or respiratory. Is there evidence of compensation? Propose the mechanism by which bulimia contributed to the lab results seen.*

1. The respiratory diaphragm is a

a. hypaxial muscle

b. expaxial mucle

c. smooth muscle

d. spinchter muscle

2. The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are derived from which arch?

a. arch 3

b. arch 4-6

c. arch 2

d. arch 1

3. The brain develops from the folding and expansion of the notochord

a. true

b. false