1. Calculate and show example of the

(a) Urine production rate (ml/min)

(b) Na⁺ excretion rate (mmol/min)

(c) Osmolar excretion rate (mOsm/min)

2. What are the possible reason that could lead to one of the subjects have high urine production rate but low urine flow rate? Provide and explain using two examples

Trace (either draw a picture or write words and arrows) the path of sound from the outer ear to interpretation by the brain, detailing what each step in the pathway is generally responsible for. This does not have to be extremely detailed (e.g. cell types), but should show pathways and the function of specific nuclei & brain areas.

8.) Name the locations where you would typical find the following tissue types: stratified squamous epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, transitional epithelium

9.) Describe the organizational chart.

Fill in the table below:

1. What are the problems of the portal blood returning to the caval/systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis? (Answer: 2 sentences)

2. What are the 2 vessels on the esophagus that are communicating in the portocaval anastomosis? What is Caput Medusae? (Answer: 1 sentence)

3. Why esophageal varices develop? What is their danger? (Answer: 2 sentences)

Please match all terms

_________ 1. Retraction                                           A. movement away from the midline

_________ 2. Dorsiflexion                                        B. movement to turn foot outward

_________ 3. Eversion                                             C. palm moved to face posteriorly

_________ 4. Inversion                                            D. palm moved to face anteriorly

_________ 5. Pronation                                             E. movement to posterior plane

_________ 6. Plantar flexion                                    F. movement to stand on tiptoes

_________ 7. Protraction                                          G. movement in anterior plane

_________ 8. Supination                                          H. movement to turn foot inward

_________ 9. Adduction                                           I. movement to stand on heels

_________ 10. Abduction                                        J. movement toward midline

Please complete entire table:

Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs:

The chemical Bay K8644 is an activator of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.   If you were to inject this chemical into a frog, how would you predict neuron function would be affected? Make sure you describe how an action potential reaching the synapse results in a response in the post-synaptic cell (i.e. what are the steps involved in chemical synapse function)?

Fill in the Table Below:

Please complete entire table

Muscles of the trunk (posterior):

Muscles of the arm and forearm:

Please complete entire table

Muscles of the trunk (anterior):

Given what you have considered in the previous questions, explain why insulin must be injected rather than eaten.

In an unusual population of humans (we’ll call them pressurites), blood pressures tend to be much higher than normal, with systolic pressures averaging about 160 mm Hg, and diastolic pressures about 110 mm Hg. Probably because of this, pressurites have a high incidence of stroke. Your job is to begin to figure out what might be wrong.

1. You discover that heart rates, stroke volumes and heart size are all normal. List two possible causes of high blood pressure that these data eliminate? 2 pts

2. Their sodium intake and urine function seems normal. Why is this relevant to high blood pressure? 1 pt

3. They show no evidence of high cholesterol, or arteriosclerosis. Why is this relevant to high blood pressure? 1 pt

4. You calculate their total peripheral resistance, and it is higher than normal. Describe three possible causes of high total peripheral resistance that are plausible, given the evidence. 3 pts

5. Describe experimental tests for each of these three possible causes of elevated total peripheral resistance, and what data would support or refute the potential cause you are testing. 3 pts

Efferent division of the nervous system (human) (select the MOST CORRECT statement):

Regarding mammalian nervous systems (select the MOST CORRECT statement):

Regarding the human brain (select the MOST CORRECT statement):

Human sensory systems (select the MOST CORRECT statement):