Question

What are the targets for the parasympathetic output? When the parasympathetic system is activated, what happens to the heart? What are the targets for sympathetic output? When the sympathetic system is activated, what TWO things happen to the heart?

Answer 1

Para sympathetic system is craniosacral flow and sympathetic system is thoracolumbar flow.

Acetylcholine released from parasympathetic system in the end

Mostly sympathetics are adrenergic except in the sweat glands where acetylcholine is released.

Targets of parasympathetic system and sympathetic system are:

1.cardiac muscle

2.smooth muscles (bowel,bladder, sphincter pupillae,dilator pupillae,bronchial smooth muscle)

3.most of the glands(eg: lacrimal glands,parotid glands) are para sympathetic except most of the sweat glands. Most of the sweat glands are sympathetic.

*Adrenal gland on sympathetic stimulation release catecholamines and no effect by parasympathetic.

HEART BY SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION:

by sympathetic stimulation:

Heart rate increases( chronotropic effect)

Increase the myocardial contractility ( inotropic effect)

by parasympathetic:

Heart rate decreases and contractility also decreases.