question 56

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used medications. They may alter the production of downstream signalling molecules and so modulate various processes. What signalling molecules, and what activities, might be affected by NSAIDs? [6 marks]

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the Liver

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the Pancreas. Focus on the exocrine digestive functions.

Discuss technology to generate energy for muscle contraction?

Describe the main regions and features of the Large Intestine. What are its main functions? What is the population of bacteria in this region of the digestive tract?

List the percent absorptive of secretion of sodium, potassium, water, bicarbonate, glucose for different regions of the nephron.

Describe the anatomy and function of the esophagus. Is it constructed for the frequent presence of gastric juice?

_{List the exact order of flow of bile and pancreatic juice as it flows out of the Liver, Pancreas, and the Gallbladder. List all ducts and any sphincters. Use modern and classical terminology.}

discuss the factors affecting the transport of oxygen in the blood

. Describe the immune response (both humoral and cell-mediated) to Ebola and Coronavirus that typically occurs (please include a graphic depiction).

Explain the terms hyperpolarization and depolarization

300 WORDS, MUST BE detailed on the answer.

Identify one specific cell type found anywhere along the digestive tract. What is their function? Why is the function of the cell you identified important?

1. Can we consider the embryo a parasite in a womans body? WHY or WHY not

Case 3

Brenda Williams is a 73 year old retired seamstress. She is a chain smoker. When her employer announced that smoking would no longer be allowed in the store, she retired. Since her retirement, Mrs. Williams has not been feeling well. She fatigues easily, even with light exertion. She has dyspnea and recently has begun to sleep on two pillows.

Early this morning, Mrs. Williams woke up with severe dyspnea and called 911. EMTs found her alert and oriented, and in significant respiratory distress. Her skin was pale with cyanotic nail beds, cool, and moist. Her pulse was 112, regular, and strong. Her respirations were 26, regular rhythm and depth, and labored. She had an increased anteroposterior chest diameter and audible expiratory wheezes. Blood pressure was 128/85. SpO2 was 83%. They noted pitting edema of her ankles. She denied chest pain. They put her on oxygen and transported her to the emergency room.

Her physician noted a long expiratory phase in her breathing. Based on this observation, her history, and her vital signs, he ordered the following tests:

Pulmonary function tests:
Vorced Expiratory Capacity (FEV1): reduced Residual volume: increased
Laboratory values:
Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL (normal 12-15 g/dL) Arterial PO2 48 mmHg (normal 100 mmHg) O2 saturation 86% (normal 98-100%)
Arterial PCO2 69 mmHg (normal 40 mmHg) HCO3-: 34 mEq/L (normal 24 mEg/L)
pH: 7.31

The physician concludes that Mrs. Williams has a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Questions:

9. Explain why Mrs. Williams was in respiratory distress.

10.Explain the physiological reasons for the signs that the EMTs assessed (skin, pulse, respiration, anteroposterior chest diameter, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and pitting edema).

11.Explain the physiological reasons for each of her test results (both pulmonary and laboratory).

12.Which acid-base disorder does she have? What is the cause? What is the compensation? How does this alter oxygen delivery to the tissues?

13.Explain why her hemoglobin was normal but her SpO2 and her arterial PO2 were low. Should these tests have similar outcomes?

C. Discuss how different food preparation techniques affect the nutritional value of foods. Example: How would a battered, fried chicken breast differ in nutrient composition compared to baking a chicken breast? Would boiling broccoli (versus eating it raw) change the nutrients it contains?