Question

Question 55:

Please indicate the diseases or conditions described in each section below. [5 marks]

(a) Billions of people consume unregulated concentrations of a fungal toxin, an alkylating agent, in their staple foods (corn, ground-nuts, rice). What condition arises from consumption of:

• acute, high doses?                        
• chronic, low doses?                        

(b) What is the painful inflammatory condition that occurs in joints when macrophages phagocytose crystals of a common metabolite?                              

(c) What severe inflammatory condition is characterised by damage to secretory cells or ducts that deliver digestive enzymes (such as lipases) to the gut, and by the precipitation of salts of fatty acids?                               

(d) What potentially lethal body-wide inflammatory state is induced if an injury leads to a large amount of intracellular material being liberated into the bloodstream?                                   

(e) Name chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gut, associated with dysbiosis, and showing ulceration and fibrosis that:

• may occur at any site in the alimentary canal                        
• are localised to the large intestine:                        

Answer 1

a) Acute high dose of mycotoxin infected corn, groundnut, and rice taking cause aflatoxicosis due to B1 toxin which is occurred due to fungal attack by Aspergillus species. Those at higher doses cause liver damage also.

Chronic low dose causes chronic aflatoxicosis it leads to weight loss, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.

b) Acute gout arthritis is caused by the MSU crystals in the joints due to activation of classics complementary pathway

c)Steatorrhea is the condition that occurs due to the inadequate secretion of lipase so that fatty acid absorption will not take place so get precipitated as salts of fatty acid.

d) Ischemia a the later stage is the life-threatening caused by decreased blood delivery to cells.  ATP level and intercellular pH decrease, as a result, anaerobic lactate fermentation occur causing increases in intracellular Ca2+ level and cell death occurs with plasma membrane rupture. So that large amounts of intracellular materials leak into blood vessels.