Question

18. Structure and function are intricately linked concepts in A&P. Describe three ways in which we have seen the relationship between structure and function in A&P thus far 19. Define an activated carrier and name at least two activated carriers used in human cells 20. Compare and contrast somatic and sex cells (eggs/sperm)

Answer 1

18.The cells within tissues are generally arranged to carry out the function of the organ most effectively for eg, the structure of the lungs maximizes the efficiency with which they can take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide, the alveoli of lungs are thin walled they are just single cell thick, and they are moist, in addition to this they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, all these adaptation increases the surface area of lungs and cause a more efficient exchange of gases like carbon di oxide and oxygen. The cells in the small intestine that absorb nutrients look very different from other cells, The intestinal villi are small finger like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. Each villus has many microvilli projecting from its epithelial surface, collectively forming a brush border. Villi are specialised for absorbtion and have very thin walls which are single cell thick, because of these adaptation there will  be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream. Simlarily the Red blood cells have a biconcave shape and absence of nucleus in their structure, these adaptation increases the efficiency of  of red blood cells to transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs.

19. Activated carriers are molecules that can be split to release free energy or they could be defined as  Small molecule carrying a chemical group in a high-energy linkage, serving as a donor of energy or of the chemical group in may different chemical reactions, eg, ATP molecules.acetyl CoA, and NADH.

20. Somatic cells make up the majority of the body's cells and account for any regular type of cell in the body that does not perform a function in the sexual reproductive cycle. Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, including 22 homologous pairs and one pair of nonhomologous sex chromosomes. This is the 2n, or diploid, condition.

Gametes, on the other hand, are involved directly in the reproductive cycle , eggs, in case of females and sperm, in case of men. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes, one each of 23 unique chromosomes. This is the n, or haploid, condition.