Choose one of the following locations and provide a detailed description of the path deoxygenated blood would follow in a complete circuit from that location, through the heart and back again:

The anterior antebrachium

The popliteal fossa

The frontal lobe of the brain

The kidney

Your response should include whether blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated at each location. Biodigital would be a great resource to help you see the route on an interactive model.

Choose ONE particular characteristic of early hominids that differentiate them from apes. Compare/contrast that characteristic - this could be anatomical or cultural in nature. Cite any sources you use and do NOT duplicate! Please do not use Teeth, Pelvis, Knees, or Spine

When an electrode is stuck inside an intact squid giant axon, the membrane potential registers

-70mV. When the axon, suspended in a bath of seawater, is stimulated to conduct an impulse, the membrane potential changes transiently to +40mV. For univalent ions at 20^oC, the Nernst equation reduces to:

V_{(membrane potential)} = 58mV x log₁₀(C_o/C_i)

Where C_o and C_i are the extra and intracellular concentrations of the ion respectively (see table below).

A. Using this equation, calculate the potential across the resting membrane;

1. Assuming that it is solely due to K⁺. (2 points)

2. Assuming that it is solely due to Na⁺. (2 points)

B. Which calculation is closer to the measured resting potential and what conclusion do you draw from this? (4 points)

C. Which calculation is closer to the measured action potential? What does this mean? (4 points)

Compare & contrast bone remodeling in cortical bone & trabecular bone.

Jaundice may be caused by all but. Ans choice: A: aplastic anemia B: hemolytic anemia C: sepsis (blood infection) D: liver disease

true of false.                                                                              the distal end of the humerus is located near the shoulder.                                                                                   the thoracic cavity surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs.                                                                            the 13 pairs of ribs are called costal.                                     the phalanges are the bones in fingers.                               the sternum is also known as the collar bone.                   a callus forms as a bulging deposit around the area in a bone.this tissue eventually becomes cartilage.              impetigo is a highly contagious viral skin infection.           albinism is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.                                                .                 malignant melanoma is a skin cancer derived squamous cells of the Epithelium.

Let's discuss joints and the mechanics of the skeletal system. Pick a joint and identify the bones that are involved in that joint.

• The joint I picked is the ball and socket joint.
• What might be the lumps/bumps (named correctly) that are associated with that joint to act as the surface for the joint to move, as well as points for muscle attachment that may cause that joint to move?

Example: Knee joint is a hinge joint and is made up of the femur and the tibia. The patella (a sesamoid bone) plays a role by helping with muscle movement but doesn't actually form part of the knee joint. The fibula is located in the same area but doesn't form part of the knee joint. The joint surfaces are the condyles of the femur superiorly resting on the condyles of the tibia. Both the femur and the tibia have epicondyles which are for muscle attachments that help in movement of the knee joint. The tibia also has the tibial tuberosity which is for muscle attachment near the knee. The range of motion of the knee is flexion and extension.

1. Explain the roles of the adaptive defenses including B-Cells, T-Cells, antibodies (structure, function, classes)

2. Outline the process of digestion from mouth to anus. Be sure to discuss important structures along the way, enzymes, and processes.

1) Describe passive transport.
2) Define concentration gradient, electrical gradient, and electrochemical gradient. 3) What factors play a role in the rate of diffusion?
4) Explain the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
5) Which type of molecules move via facilitated diffusion?
6) Why is active transport necessary?
7) What role does the Na-K pump play in active transport?
8) How is primary active transport different from secondary active transport?
9) What is the mechanism for glucose transport across the intestinal epithelium?
10) Define the relationship between osmotic pressure and osmosis.
11) What type of transport occurs through aquaporins? Where are aquaporins found? 12) How does active transport help to maintain concentration gradients?

(4pts) For the condition of hypertension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

4. (2pts) What is the role of blood volume in the long term regulation of arterial pressure?

5. (2pts) In the case of rapid blood loss, do you expect that heart rate to increase or decrease? Why?

Neurology questions

Only answer if you have a good knowledge of this.

Answer the 3 following:

1- If in a neuron, E_Na= 40mV and E_k= -80mV, Which of the following has a higher probability of being the E_m value?

a) 40

b) -80

c) -20

d) -70

Explain your answer:

2- On the laboratory about 'the membrane resting potential' two simulations were made. On the first one the internal concentration of potassium was decreased, and in the second one, the external concentration was increased. Which of the following statements describes best what was observed?

a) There was no change in the voltage of the membrane

b) The decrease in the internal concentration of potassium changed the voltage of the membrane and it was less than the change from the increase of the external concentration of potassium

c) The decrease in the internal concentration of potassium changed the voltage of the membrane and it was greater than the change from the increase of the external concentration of potassium

d) In both simulations, the voltage of the membrane was the same

Explain your answer:

3- When working with the action potential, by altering the parameters of the amplitude, we were manipulating:

a) The current

b) The voltage of the membrane

c) The membrane permeability

d) The distribution of ions

Explain your answer:

How does the blood typing test work? If provided with a hypothetical situation, be able to predict the results.

5. You are working in the emergency department of a metropolitan hospital. An ambulance arrives with an elderly homeless man who appears to have fallen and suffered a severe scalp laceration and a possible concussion. The patient is losing blood. The department’s physician remarks that the hospital has already fulfilled its quota of unreimbursed care for this month and instructs the paramedics to take the patient to a different hospital. You believe the emergency department has room to care for this patient. Explain how would you apply the steps to resolving this ethical dilemma.

process of translation in dna