(4pts) For the condition of hypertension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

4. (2pts) What is the role of blood volume in the long term regulation of arterial pressure?

5. (2pts) In the case of rapid blood loss, do you expect that heart rate to increase or decrease? Why?

Neurology questions

Only answer if you have a good knowledge of this.

Answer the 3 following:

1- If in a neuron, E_Na= 40mV and E_k= -80mV, Which of the following has a higher probability of being the E_m value?

a) 40

b) -80

c) -20

d) -70

Explain your answer:

2- On the laboratory about 'the membrane resting potential' two simulations were made. On the first one the internal concentration of potassium was decreased, and in the second one, the external concentration was increased. Which of the following statements describes best what was observed?

a) There was no change in the voltage of the membrane

b) The decrease in the internal concentration of potassium changed the voltage of the membrane and it was less than the change from the increase of the external concentration of potassium

c) The decrease in the internal concentration of potassium changed the voltage of the membrane and it was greater than the change from the increase of the external concentration of potassium

d) In both simulations, the voltage of the membrane was the same

Explain your answer:

3- When working with the action potential, by altering the parameters of the amplitude, we were manipulating:

a) The current

b) The voltage of the membrane

c) The membrane permeability

d) The distribution of ions

Explain your answer:

How does the blood typing test work? If provided with a hypothetical situation, be able to predict the results.

5. You are working in the emergency department of a metropolitan hospital. An ambulance arrives with an elderly homeless man who appears to have fallen and suffered a severe scalp laceration and a possible concussion. The patient is losing blood. The department’s physician remarks that the hospital has already fulfilled its quota of unreimbursed care for this month and instructs the paramedics to take the patient to a different hospital. You believe the emergency department has room to care for this patient. Explain how would you apply the steps to resolving this ethical dilemma.

process of translation in dna

Describe the methods used to diagnose a pheochromocytoma.

Core Competency paper (2-3 pages) I DID VOLUNTEER AT HOSPITAL

Communication- I am communicating with Patients, Nurse, Doctor, and Consulter.
Teamwork & Collaboration – I am shadowing with nurses, asking to advise from specialists and counters.
Information Literacy – Research online sources, medical medicine.
Global Awareness – I plan to help my country in the advancement of medical procedure.

Dr. Woodley is trying to explain the concepts of resting membrane potential, equilibrium potential, and membrane potential to the students in her laboratory. To do this, she uses a dish of cultured motor neurons so that she can alter the solution covering the cells and she can use a recording electrode to pierce one of the cells and determine its membrane potential relative to the extracellular fluid. She asks you a number of questions before and after she alters the conditions around the cell. The normal media (fluid covering the cells) contains: 145 mEq/L Na⁺        5 mEq/L K⁺                 and 2 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺

and the intracellular fluid contains:

15 mEq/L Na⁺          155 mEq/L K⁺               and 0.0001 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺(12)

1. List the factors that normally account for resting membrane potential. (3)

2. Dr. Woodley then measures the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the motor neurons and monitor that graphically displays the charge indicates that it is -90 mV. What does this tell you about the influence of the ions listed above on RMP? Why would this occur? (3)

She then changes the media so that the new media is still isotonic to the previous media, but it now contains 110 mEq/L Na⁺, 5 mEq/L K⁺, and 27 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺and she asks you the following questions:

3. Has the equilibrium potential changed for any of the ions? If so, which ones changed, and which one did not? (3)

4. Given the changes made to the media, would the resting membrane potential of the cell change? Why? Or why not? (2)

1. What is a second-messenger system? Why is it necessary for amino acid-based hormones to use such a system? Why does it allow amino acid-based hormones to only act where they are supposed to?

2. Which hormones does the pituitary gland make? Which other glands are directly controlled by the pituitary’s hormones? Why is it beneficial that so many glands are controlled by a single organ attached to the brain?

3. What is Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)? What kind of situations would cause this factor to be released? Where is produced? Why would this organ care about hypoxia?

4. What are the primary components of blood? What does each component do? What would you find dissolved in blood, and why are there so many things dissolved in the blood in the first place?

5. Where in the body is the highest oxygen concentration? The highest carbon dioxide concentration? Why is oxygen so high there? Why is carbon dioxide so high in the other location?

6. What are the three types of capillaries? What kind of functions would each type be used for?

7. What are the major anatomical differences between arteries and veins? What are the major physiological differences between arteries and veins? How do the physiological differences explain the anatomical differences?

8. What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits? How is blood moved through each circuit?

9. How does the body use vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control blood pressure? Why does the body use arterioles instead of larger arteries or veins to control blood pressure?

10. What region of the brain can send signals that alter the heartrate? Why would that region, as opposed to the other three regions, have developed that ability?

11. What is a baroreceptor? Where are some of the locations where baroreceptors are located? Why would the brain need to monitor the body this way?

12. What hormones are used to control blood pressure? How do they cause BP to increase or decrease?

13. What are anatomical differences between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels? What are the physiological differences between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels? How do the physiological differences explain the anatomical differences? Are lymphatic vessels more like arteries or veins, and why?

14. What is the difference between a primary and secondary lymphoid organ? What are the two primary lymphoid organs, and what are the major secondary lymphoid organs?

15. What are the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)? Where are they found, and what do they do? Why would lymphoid tissues be beneficial in these locations?

23) If Michael suffers a vertebral injury and is paralyzed from the waist down, this means that he has lost motor control but maintains sensation. What injured part of his central nervous system is most likely causing his paralysis? a) interneurons in his sacral region that have been damaged b) ascending tracts of nerves that have been damaged c) only the motor neurons that innervate his body from the waist down that have been damaged d) only the sensory motor neurons that innervate his body from the waist down that have been damaged 25) Why is it beneficial that sensory information received can synapse directly with a motor neuron? a) it’s not because it produces erratic and wild motion b) because it is faster communication and causes faster involuntary movement c) because it is faster communication and causes faster voluntary movement d) because it can stimulate the “fight or flight” response.Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved with eye movement

Oogenesis in the female results in one functional gamete - the ovum, or egg - whereas spermatogenesis in males results in four functional gametes. What are the other cells produced during oogenesis called? And what is the benefit of "wasting" these additional cells to create a single gamete instead of four gametes?

he metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which