Question

I have to write about acetylcholine

- I should talk about its synthesis- (physiologic mechanisms and drugs or foods affecting them);

- storage in vesicles (physiology-like the name of the pump for storage and drugs, toxins or foods that interferes with it);

-its release-physiology and drugs or toxins that interfere;

-the termination of effect in the synapse (physiology-like enzymatic breakage or re-uptake

-about the drugs that affect the process  

-and its receptors of these neurotransmitters and drugs acting on these receptors -refer them as agonists and antagonists for relevant receptors).

I still have 5 more, I will post the questions individually

Answer 1

IRREVERSIBLE

-a.Echothiophate- To treat open angle glaucoma of the eyeA

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS:

-3 types:

1.Antimuscarinic agents

2.Ganglionic blockers

3.Neuromuscular blockers

1.ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENTS:Inhibit muscarinic receptors causing inhibition of muscarinic functions:

E.g.1.Atropine: Effects on eye,GI tract,Heart,Salivary gland,sweat gland and lacrimal gland.

-eye: Relaxation of ciliary muscles causing dilatation of pupil, used to treat eye surgery

-It has long duration of action (days)

-GI tract: Affect the motility of the GI tract, reduces the movement of bowel thereby increasing the duration of gastric emptying

-On SA & AV node it causes tachycardia(30-40 beats / minute)

-Salivary gland,sweat gland and lacrimal gland action causes dry mouth,dry skin and dry eye

-2.Scopolamine:It has less effect on CNS, Hence preferred over atropine for motion sickness,postoperative nausea & vomiting

-3.Ipratropium & Tiotropium: Decrease the smooth muscle contractility in the lung, induce bronchodilation and reduce the mucus secretion.These are used to treat the bronchospasm in COPD patients as nasal inhalation.It also used in nasal rhinorrhoea.

The following drugs have specific action on M3 receptor, the main receptor found on bladder to control overactive bladder: Tolterodine,Darifenacin, Solifenacin, Oxybutynin,Trospium and Fesotenodine

2.GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS:

-Main drug is nicotine(present in cigarette smoke) Blocks cholinergic function

-act on nicotinic receptors of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic ganglia

-Increased release of the neurotransmittor such as Norepinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine.

-Stimulate CNS to cause convulsions and later deppresses CNS to cause the respiratory paralysis.

-Stimulate adrenal medulla & sympathetic ganglia to increase the blood pressure and heart rate

-GI motility increases causing nausea and vomiting.

3.NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS

-Blocks the cholinergic transmission between the motor nerve and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle.

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