Describe gas exchange during external respiration and internal respiration, including how the partial pressure gradients determine the diffusion of the gases.

Describe the anterior pituitary hormones and their physiological effects.

Describe the regulation of water reabsorption in the kidneys.

1. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.
2. A man with blood type A marries a woman with blood type B. One of their children has blood type O. Show how this is possible.
3. What are polygenic traits? Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans (besides skin color).
4. A male human is heterozygous for detached earlobes (Ee) and could produce sperm that contain either the dominant gene (E) or recessive gene (e). Does this occur during meiosis or mitosis?
5. Linked genes are on ( the same / different ) chromosome(s) and tend to be inherited ( together / separately).

1. Give an example of a character studied by Gregor Mendel, and the two traits within that character.
2. Use Punnet squares to predict the phenotype and genotype ratios of each of the following crosses:

1. 1. A true-breeding homozygous
      tall pea plant is crossed with a
      true-breeding homozygous
      short pea plant.
2. 2. Two of the offspring from
      the previous cross are bred.
3. In the previous question, which was the P generation? The F1 generation? The F2 generation?

4. What pattern of inheritance is shown by human blood types?

  5. Often the lungs of premature infants have not matured to the point where they are
producing adequate surfactant. Why might this be a problem?

Experiment: Investigating Intrapleural Pressure

1. Describe what happens to air flow when one lung is “collapsed”.

2. What clinical term is used to describe the condition of:

1. a collapsed lung?
   

2. air in the pleural cavity?

3. Why does air enter the pleural cavity when the valve is open?

4. Why does the lung collapse when the valve is opened? (What forces are causing this to happen?)  

      5. Does the lung reinflate once the valve is closed? What must be done in order for the
lung to reinflate?

     6. A patient is brought to the emergency room with a stab wound to the right side of the
chest and a collapsed lung. Why is only one lung deflated with the knife wound?

Please answer all 4 questions thank you!

1) During lipid digestion, emulsification occurs in the __________________, whereas formation of chylomicrons occurs in the _____________________.

2) Mass movements of fecal matter through the colon are triggered by ___________________.

3) Individual amino acids and glucose enter the cells that line the lumen of the digestive tract via ___________________.

4) Digestion can be divided up into mechanical and chemical processes. The primary function of mechanical processes is to

Which of the following would you expect to see in abundance in the muscles of a sprinter?

a.) Myoglobin

b.) Proteins that form part of the electron transport chain

c.) Lactate dehydrogenase

d.) Mitochondria

As mentioned in class, some inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are the result of Cl ^- entering the cell through a chloride channel. Other IPSPs are caused by the opening of K ⁺ channels.

How could movement of the potassium ion result in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell?

I get that there is movement; I need to know how or more-so why it results in hyperpolarization .

Briefly explain why Neuron A that receives similar types and strengths of synaptic input to Neuron B, can have very different action potential shapes (i.e. waveforms) and action potential firing rate versus Neuron B. In your answer be sure to describe: (1) What aspects of the neuron’s composition determine this 'intrinsic excitability', (2) Which of these aspects are the most common components in these responses, and (3) Why a neuron might fire more action potentials if it is forced to become hyperpolarized before becoming depolarized.

1. When fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences is incomplete, ____________ may result.

   		cleft philtrum
   		cleft palate
   		cleft chin
   		cleft lip

2 points   

QUESTION 21

1. You are a physician for a 15-year-old boy. The patient has a history of tonsil infections and is visiting your office today because he noticed mucus-like drainage collecting from a dimple-like spot on the left side of his neck. Remembering your embryology training, you examine the patient for a possible _______________ .

   		cervical vestige
   		cervical sinus
   		cervical fistula
   		cervical cyst

2 points   

QUESTION 22

1. Which of the following statements about circulation in a newborn baby is FALSE?

   		The foramen ovale closes because pressure is greater on the right side of the heart
   		Anatomical closure of the shunts takes longer than functional closure
   		The ductus venosus closes due to lack of blood flow from the placenta
   		The ductus arteriosus closes quickly after birth

2 points   

QUESTION 23

1. Which of the following migration movements must be disrupted to produce a pelvic kidney?

   		cranial migration
   		lateral migration
   		caudal migration
   		medial migration

2 points   

QUESTION 24

1. An infant is born two weeks premature.  The infant has trouble breathing normally immediately after birth. She takes short, shallow breaths, gasps for air and her fingertips appear blue. After 1 week of intensive care, corticosteroid treatment, and providing supplemental oxygen, she appears to have recovered completely. She is breathing normally. These symptoms were most likely caused by ___________________ .

   		tracheoesophageal fistula
   		alveolar capillary dysplasia
   		pulmonary hypoplasia
   		respiratory distress syndrome

2 points   

QUESTION 25

1. An individual carries XY chromosomes, but cannot respond to testosterone due to a mutation in the testosterone receptor. This individual will have ______________ .

   		normal testes
   		a normal uterus
   		normal ovaries
   		a normal p3nis

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

   		Pulmonary hypoplasia can be caused by a hernia
   		Surfactant is produced by Type 2 alveolar cells
   		Premature birth is strongly associated with respiratory distress syndrome
   		Tracheoesophageal fistulas are strongly associated with premature birth

2 points   

QUESTION 14

1. The _____________ becomes the urinary collecting duct.

   		urethra
   		metanephrogenic mesenchyme
   		mesonephric duct
   		ureteric bud

2 points   

QUESTION 15

1. During this stage of lung development, the respiratory diverticulum branches from the foregut.

   		Pseudoglandular stage
   		Canalicular stage
   		Embryonic stage
   		Terminal/saccular/alveolar stage

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. In an individual with only one X chromosome,

   		functional ovaries are formed.
   		high testosterone levels are present.
   		low estrogen levels are present.
   		secondary sex characteristics are male.

2 points   

QUESTION 17

1. The _________________ are ectodermal invaginations on the ventral and lateral surface of the embryo.

   		pharyngeal pouches
   		pharyngeal arches
   		aortic arches
   		pharyngeal grooves

2 points   

QUESTION 18

1. A child with neural crest defects is most likely to also have a

   		muscular ventricular septum defect
   		membranous ventricular septum defect
   		endocardial cushion defect
   		atrial septal defect

2 points   

QUESTION 19

1. Which of the following patients has the greatest risk for developing patent ductus arteriosus?

   		A full-term infant treated with a prostaglandin inhibitor after birth
   		A premature infant treated with a prostaglandin inhibitor after birth
   		A full-term infant treated with prostaglandins after birth
   		A premature infant treated with prostaglandins after birth