Polio is a virus that causes muscle paralysis, for example, former President Franklin D Roosevelt used a wheelchair after contracting polio when he was 39. However, this virus NEVER directly affects muscular tissue. (a) How would this virus paralyze skeletal muscle without directly affecting the muscle tissue? (b) This virus never causes paralysis of the heart… why would it not affect the heart if it does affect skeletal muscle?

Why does acetylcholine excite skeletal muscle fibers but inhibit cardiac muscle fibers?

Describe in detail how the respiratory, circulatory, and urinary systems would react to a sudden and serious decrease in blood pressure (hypotension) OR a sudden decrease in plasma pH (acidosis) to compensate for the decrease by raising the falling pressure or pH.

Describe a physiological role for each of the following gradients in the human body. Use ANY of the organ systems discuss how the gradient is necessary to our survival.

a. Concentration Gradient b. Pressure (or partial pressure) Gradient c. Osmotic Gradient

Describe, in order, the events that occur to transmit an electrical signal from a presynaptic neuron to either a postsynaptic neuron or a muscle cell.

you are given a heart and need to orient it to the correct position. What visually unique features can you use to tell the difference between the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart when viewd externally and internally

compare and contrast heart anatomy of

a) most reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards)

b) crocodiles

c) birds

d) mammals

in terms of # of atria, # of ventricles, total # of chambers, and development of the aorta from aortic arches (left, right, or both).

Use a table

Include a drawing showing the basic template of dorsal aorta, ventral aorta, and six aortic arches, along with drawings showing the modified patterns of aortic arches in a-d above.

An individual is sailing off the coast of a remote area and is blown out to sea by a freak storm, which also destroys the main sails, damages the propeller, and disables the radio antenna. Aboard the boat are some minimal food supplies – some beef jerky, canned tuna, a roll of Life Savers candy – and an adequate amount of water. Assume that carbohydrate component of the sailor’s diet is severely restricted for several days until he or she is discovered and rescued but that he or she continues to eat adequate amounts of fats and proteins. Describe some of the adjustments that the person’s body would make to the unbalanced diet over this period of time?

Based on your knowledge of metabolism, describe why eating a fat free but high calorie diet can lead to fat gain. Describe the specific pathways that sugar can take to become stored lipids. No diagrams

Susan, 28-year young woman with type-1 diabetes mellitus has developed viral gastroenteritis. She is vomiting and feels very nauseous. She did not take her insulin and is increasingly becoming non-responsive. When she arrives at the ER, her pulse is 128 and her respiratory rate is 28, deep, and smells fruity. Her urinary glucose and ketones are very high. Her pH was dangerously low. Describe her symptoms in relation to type 1 diabetes. Explain how the kidney attempted to compensate for the low pH.

Thank you in advance :D

What two free-floating molecules are absolutely needed to power muscle contraction? (Hint: calcium ions is not the answer)

What are the most common errors for CSI (crime scene investigators)? What common errors that often happen REAL life not TV shows.

Please provide me sources for your answer!! THANK YOU

1)

TRUE or FALSE. Small volumes of air resonate to a higher frequency.

TRUE or FALSE. Large volumes of air resonate to a higher frequency.

TRUE or FALSE. Resonance initiates the vibration.

2A. What is the natural frequency of a female who’s vocal tract is 15cm long, closed at one end and opened at the other.

B. What is the second harmonic in question A:

c. Would the frequency change if both ends were closed with a vocal tract of 15cm? if so what would it be: (1) 11.46 (2) 573.3 (3) 1146.6 (4) 5.73 The pitch of a 4.5kHz tone= 2259 mels, which is 4500 Hz. (2 points)

3) Refer to the 50 phon line, and rank the following frequencies: 100Hz, 2000Hz, 7000Hz, and 10,000Hz beginning with the most sensitive frequency (least amount of intensity) to the least sensitive (most amount of intensity). (2 points)

100Hz___________dB

2000Hz___________dB

7000Hz__________dB

40Hz_________dB