Use the following table to answer the questions

1. Calculate the equilibrium potential for Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- ions? (4 points)
2. If the resting membrane potential is -65, give the direction of the flow of Na+, Ca++, K+, and Cl- ion. (4 points)
3. What will happen to the Cl- equilibrium potential, if one changes the extracellular chloride concentration from 560 mM to 100 mM? Give the direction of Cl- flow. (2 points)

1. Trace the pathway in the digestive system from ingestion to elimination of a cheeseburger with “the works”. Describe the effects of each GI tract structure on the components of the cheeseburger as they pass along. Include motility, digestive processes including enzymes, absorption of nutrients and elimination.

5. Describe the role of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex during exercise.

Describe how cytokines function in various immune processes including signal 3 of lymphocyte activation

Compare how cell-mediated immunity is essential for elimination of pathogen and destruction of tumour cells and relate the importance of DCcross presentation in this context

Human Physiology

1. Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination), including the effect of the nervous system on the muscles involved.
2. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenario would glucose appear in the urine?
3. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.
4. Explain what conditions stimulate the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary. Then describe in detail the effect of ADH on cells lining the collecting duct.
5. Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levels in the blood.

Describe which cells of the immune system can directly interact with each other

Construct a table to compare and contrast two features of each of the following: the anatomies, and the Motility, Secretive, Digestive, and Absorptive functions of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Describe how ventilation is regulated by six different neural (sensory and autorhythmic), chemical, and higher brain (conscious/emotional) inputs. Explain the responses to and the results of each of these regulatory signals.

Compare and contrast the physiological (nervous, endocrine, vascular, metabolic) responses triggered by hyperthermia & hypothermia, and how each response helps to maintain Homeothermy.

Describe the major activities during each phase of GI function: Cephalic/Oral, Gastric, Intestinal (Small and Large Intestines). Trace the passage of food in order through each section of the anatomical regions.

List and describe 6 nervous and chemical (both food contents and cellular secretions) signals that regulate GI function. For each, describe the initial stimulus for secretion, source tissue/cells, target tissues, and final effects of their activities. [Suggestion: Make a table for comparison, with a brief caption].

Compare and contrast how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the bloodstream, and the properties of each molecule that determine its necessary mode of transport. How do the properties of these molecules and their transporters determine where and how each gas enters or leaves the blood?

. A patient with chronic bronchitis is brought into the emergency room with complaints of sudden-onset chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood. His lab work shows hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and elevated red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

1.Utilizing your understanding of the process of erythropoiesis, why do you think this patient has elevated RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit?

2.What is the most likely cause of the patient’s acute symptoms?

3.How do you explain this?

Starling forces govern the passive exchange of fluid between the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid. For each of the modifications listed below include the following in your answer: a) describe how this change will alter factor(s) of the Starling principle, and b) indicate whether filtration across capillaries into the interstitial fluid will increase or decrease.

i) Increasing blood hematocrit levels.

ii) Increasing release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system.

iii) Moving from supine (lying horizontally with face and torso upward) to a standing position?