Horner's syndrome is an autonmoic disorder that is characterized by constricted pupils, bradycardia, and excess GI secretions. Horner's generally manifests when someone (or something; cats, dogs, and even horses can get it) suffers damage to one of the sympathetic trunk ganglia. You are seeing a patient who was in a recent automobile accident. Their eyes are constricted, and they are complaining that they are easily fatigued. A chest x-ray rules out pulmonary edema, so you start to test for Horner's.

A). Clearly explain how the autonomic nervous system might play a role. What pathways, transmitters, and receptors might be involved? How does this explain her symptoms?

B). Your patient asks "could atropine help me?" You frown because your last bit of atropine as used to treat another patient and it will take a bit of time to replenish your hospital's supply.

i. Answer YES it will help or NO it will not help

ii. Explain why or why not

iii. In one sentence, explain what you would prescribe for your patient instead of atropine and why it would work to help your patient.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Select one:

a. Status asthmaticus refers to the typical chronic nature of asthma

b. The aetiology of asthma is not fully understood

c. Many factors can trigger asthma attacks

d. It is estimated that some 235 million people have asthma worldwide

e. Urbanization is associated with increased asthma prevalence

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Select one:

a. Septal defects are common congenital abnormalities

b. Ventricular septal defects are more common than atrial septal defects

c. Cyanosis is typically present in ventricular septal defects

d. Septal defects refer to a hole in the septum separating the left and right sides of the heart

e. Around one quarter of small septal defects close spontaneously during infancy

Describe three cranial and postcranial features of Neandertals that are likely adaptations to the cold climates of Upper Pleistocene Europe.

Explain what would you expect if a drug which blocked the cation channel in the photoreceptive cells was applied to the left eye?

Briefly explain the differences in how information within the olfactory system and gustatory system are organized.

Polio is a virus that causes muscle paralysis, for example, former President Franklin D Roosevelt used a wheelchair after contracting polio when he was 39. However, this virus NEVER directly affects muscular tissue. (a) How would this virus paralyze skeletal muscle without directly affecting the muscle tissue? (b) This virus never causes paralysis of the heart… why would it not affect the heart if it does affect skeletal muscle?

Why does acetylcholine excite skeletal muscle fibers but inhibit cardiac muscle fibers?

Describe in detail how the respiratory, circulatory, and urinary systems would react to a sudden and serious decrease in blood pressure (hypotension) OR a sudden decrease in plasma pH (acidosis) to compensate for the decrease by raising the falling pressure or pH.

Describe a physiological role for each of the following gradients in the human body. Use ANY of the organ systems discuss how the gradient is necessary to our survival.

a. Concentration Gradient b. Pressure (or partial pressure) Gradient c. Osmotic Gradient

Describe, in order, the events that occur to transmit an electrical signal from a presynaptic neuron to either a postsynaptic neuron or a muscle cell.