Describe the major activities during each phase of GI function: Cephalic/Oral, Gastric, Intestinal (Small and Large Intestines). Trace the passage of food in order through each section of the anatomical regions.

List and describe 6 nervous and chemical (both food contents and cellular secretions) signals that regulate GI function. For each, describe the initial stimulus for secretion, source tissue/cells, target tissues, and final effects of their activities. [Suggestion: Make a table for comparison, with a brief caption].

Compare and contrast how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the bloodstream, and the properties of each molecule that determine its necessary mode of transport. How do the properties of these molecules and their transporters determine where and how each gas enters or leaves the blood?

. A patient with chronic bronchitis is brought into the emergency room with complaints of sudden-onset chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood. His lab work shows hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and elevated red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

1.Utilizing your understanding of the process of erythropoiesis, why do you think this patient has elevated RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit?

2.What is the most likely cause of the patient’s acute symptoms?

3.How do you explain this?

Starling forces govern the passive exchange of fluid between the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid. For each of the modifications listed below include the following in your answer: a) describe how this change will alter factor(s) of the Starling principle, and b) indicate whether filtration across capillaries into the interstitial fluid will increase or decrease.

i) Increasing blood hematocrit levels.

ii) Increasing release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system.

iii) Moving from supine (lying horizontally with face and torso upward) to a standing position?

Horner's syndrome is an autonmoic disorder that is characterized by constricted pupils, bradycardia, and excess GI secretions. Horner's generally manifests when someone (or something; cats, dogs, and even horses can get it) suffers damage to one of the sympathetic trunk ganglia. You are seeing a patient who was in a recent automobile accident. Their eyes are constricted, and they are complaining that they are easily fatigued. A chest x-ray rules out pulmonary edema, so you start to test for Horner's.

A). Clearly explain how the autonomic nervous system might play a role. What pathways, transmitters, and receptors might be involved? How does this explain her symptoms?

B). Your patient asks "could atropine help me?" You frown because your last bit of atropine as used to treat another patient and it will take a bit of time to replenish your hospital's supply.

i. Answer YES it will help or NO it will not help

ii. Explain why or why not

iii. In one sentence, explain what you would prescribe for your patient instead of atropine and why it would work to help your patient.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Select one:

a. Status asthmaticus refers to the typical chronic nature of asthma

b. The aetiology of asthma is not fully understood

c. Many factors can trigger asthma attacks

d. It is estimated that some 235 million people have asthma worldwide

e. Urbanization is associated with increased asthma prevalence

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Select one:

a. Septal defects are common congenital abnormalities

b. Ventricular septal defects are more common than atrial septal defects

c. Cyanosis is typically present in ventricular septal defects

d. Septal defects refer to a hole in the septum separating the left and right sides of the heart

e. Around one quarter of small septal defects close spontaneously during infancy

Describe three cranial and postcranial features of Neandertals that are likely adaptations to the cold climates of Upper Pleistocene Europe.

Explain what would you expect if a drug which blocked the cation channel in the photoreceptive cells was applied to the left eye?

Briefly explain the differences in how information within the olfactory system and gustatory system are organized.