which would be a homeostatic mechanism of the temperature of the testes was too high?

1. contraction of cremaster muscle

2. vasodilation of testicular artery

3. relaxation of cremaster muscle

4. peristalsis of ductus deferens

5. contraction of dartos muscle

8. Explain the muscles involving eye movements and nerves that innervate them. Explain how you determine eye function (movement) as a health care practitioner when you assess your patients.

What does near sighted and far sighted mean and the physiology of this condition.

Describe the hormones and organs associated with red blood production. Describe how red blood cell production is regulated

1)Define and describe overtraining syndrome. How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic system contribute to overtraining (4 points)

2) Briefly describe the model used to optimize training. (6 points)

2. Describe the role and function of the Thymus gland. Include the endocrine function including hormones.

3. List and define the sex hormones.

Describe the physiology of the pancreas with respect to the three types of cells. Discuss this relationship to the endocrinology of blood sugar and homeostasis. What is ketosis? Discuss the cause, symptomology and prevention of ketosis.  

1. Write the chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system.
2. What are the major symptoms of (a) hypernatremia and (b) hyponatremia
3. Draw the calcium cycle that includes calcitonin and parathyroid hormone  

In September 2008, at the age of 35, Haile Gebrselassie, won the Berlin Marathon with a world record time of 2:03:59, breaking his own world record by 27 seconds (twenty-six 4 minute and 45 second miles). The record stood for three years. Since he was over the age of 35, that mark stood as the Masters Age group world record until September of 2019. Though he is considered one of the great distance runners of all time, he cannot run a 4-minute mile! He could not at age 35 either, so age is not the issue.

Describe at least two physiologic reasons why he is unable to do this

Bill S. is a longtime patient in your practice and has been in and out of rehabilitative treatment centers for the past 10 years for alcoholism. He tells you that he has been “on the wagon” for the past 3 months, and he is taking Antabuse. He also tells you that he is smoking more to deal with the stress of giving up alcohol. When you perform the intraoral and extraoral examinations, you notice that his parotid glands seem enlarged and that he has a red, beefy tongue with an ulcerated area on the lateral border of the left side. Once you start periodontal probing, the bleeding is excessive and continues long after it should have stopped.

2. Which factors could be responsible for the excessive bleeding?

a. Adverse reaction to the Antabuse

b. Poor oral hygiene

c. Liver failure caused by alcohol abuse

d. Squamous cell carcinoma

3. Which is the most likely cause of the ulcerated area on the lateral border of Bill’s tongue?

a. Trauma

b. Aphthous ulcer

c. Adverse reaction to the Antabuse

d. Squamous cell carcinoma

4. Noting that Bill is taking Antabuse, you use an alcohol-free pre-procedural rinse. Which would explain this use?

a. Fear of triggering alcohol cravings

b. Better efficacy than alcohol-based rinses

c. Adverse reaction to the Antabuse

d. Drying of oral mucosa with alcohol mouth rinses

5. Which modifications to the dose level of local anesthetic should be made for Bill’s dental treatment?

a. The dose should be reduced.

b. The dose should be increased.

c. No modification to the dose is necessary.

d. Local anesthetic is contraindicated completely.

You are watching your niece who is almost a year old and notice that she is unconscious on the floor with marbles around her. Breaths don’t go in.

Endurance training can make muscles more resistant to fatigue. What types of changes occur within the muscle to allow for this? Explain.

1. Describe the pH scale, and define the terms acid and base.

2. Explain how carbonic acid and bicarbonate are formed in the blood and the functions they serve.

3. Define the terms acidosis and alkalosis, and explain how they relate to hypoventilation and hyperventilation.

4. Explain how ventilation is adjusted to help maintain acid-base balance.