Describe the composition of semen. Indicate the reproductive structures each component derives from, as well as the function(s) of each component. Indicate normal volume and numbers as appropriate. Also explain the autonomic regulation of male sexual response (erection and ejaculation).

Describe the structure and functional properties of: i) the (renal) filtration membrane, and ii) the respiratory membrane. Indicate what forces are involved in driving exchange at these locations, describe and quantify these forces, and describe what is exchanged. Finally, explain clearly Goodpasture Syndrome and how/why it compromises normal function of these two important “membranes”.

1. TRUE OR FALSE: High frequency nerve fibers course along the outer surface of the auditory nerve bundle.

2. Which cranial nerve is involved in sensory AND motor function of the tongue?

a. Trigeminal

b. Facial

c. Vagus

d. Glossopharyngeal

e. Hypoglossal

3. Select the structure or region innervated by the efferent fibers of each cranial nerve.

Trigeminal (V)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Hypoglossal (XII)

The choices are: Face, Larynx, Muscles of Mastication, None, Intrinsic & Extrinsic Tongue Muscles, Posterior 1/3 of Tongue

4. The vestibulocochlear nerve is primarily….

a. Efferent

b. Afferent

5. Most of the neurons that receive sensory information from the cochlea are attached to

a. OHCs

b. IHCs

6. Select the structure or region innervated by the afferent fibers of each cranial nerve.

Trigeminal (V)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Hypoglossal (XII)

The choices are: Anterior 2/3 of Tongue, None, Larynx, Face Lower Jaw Mouth, Posterior 1/3 of Tongue, Cochlea

compare and contrast the phases and ionic events that produce an action potential in a contractile cardiomyocyte from an action potential in the specialized conduction tissue like a sino-atrial nodal cell

1. Adaptation of Touch receptors: use a penny, with the examinee’s eyes closed, place it on their forearm, start timing and record when the examinee no longer feels the penny. Add a second penny to another location, repeat the timed test. For the third portion stack the 3 more pennies at the first location, and time the examinee until they no longer feel the pennies.

a. Why is the adaptation of the touch receptors particularly important while we wear clothes? If the answer is not immediately apparent, consider the opposite phenomenon: what would happen, in terms of sensory input, if these receptors did not exhibit adaptation?

b. Are these fast or slow adapting receptors, and identify the receptor?

You are developing a new drug to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). You know that patients do not show clinical signs of improvement when they begin taking an SSRI. Your goal is to create a drug that will result in immediate improvement for patients, and can be used with SSRIs initially, and discontinued once the SSRI becomes fully effective. (10 points total)

a. Explain how SSRIs affect transmission at serotonin synapses, and why clinical effects are not seen immediately after a patient starts taking this medication. (6 pts)

b. What part of neuronal transmission would you target with your drug? Why would this alleviate the issue with SSRIs? (NOTE: Your answer should be logical and specific, and draw on what we have covered about communication between neurons this module/semester.) (4 pts)

In the first unit of this module, we discussed the neural basis for learning and memory. (10 points total)

a. What connection does the magnesium block on NMDA channels have to the principle of ‘threshold dependency’ for forming new memories? (3 pts)

b. List one similarity and one difference between the role of NMDA and AMPA channels in the process of LTP. (2 pts)

c. What role does calcium play in LTP? (1 pt)

d. Whereas LTP is an increase in the effectiveness of synapses, LTD is a process by which specific sets of synapses are selectively weakened. Calcium is involved in both LTP and LTD. Explain how different concentrations of calcium would lead to LTP vs. LTD. Be specific in your response, including the enzymes activated by calcium and the downstream changes to the number of receptors embedded in the postsynaptic membrane. (4 pts)

1. Which structural level of organization encompasses the entire body and all levels of organization within it?
2. What is composed of two or more different types of tissues?
3. The respiratory system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood. What does it transfer from the blood to exhaled air?
4. Which system of the human body breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients?
5. Which of the following is a component of the lymphatics system? 1- Epididymides 2- thymus 3- parathyroid gland 4- gallbladder
6. Which system of the human body houses the cells that produce blood cells?
7. Which system of the human body releases hormones to regulate body activities?
8. The urinary system includes which of the following components? 1- Urethra 2- Uterus 3- Uterine tubes 4- Thymus
9. Which of the following systems produce sounds via air passing out of the lungs through the vocal cords? 1- Nervous 2- Integumentary 3-Lymphatic 4- Respiratory
10. The muscular system includes which type of voluntarily controlled muscle tissue? 1- cardiovascular 2- Skeleton
11. Within the thoracic cavity, which of the following is the space surrounding the heart? 1- Pericardial cavity 2- pleural cavity 3- mediastinum 4- diaphragm
12. Which of the following organs is included in the pelvic cavity? 1- Urinary bladder 2- Liver 3- kidney 4- Spleen
13. In the system of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions, what line is drawn through the midpoint of the left clavicle, just medial to the left nipple?
14. Which of the following is the dome-shaped structure separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? 1- Mediastinum 2- Diaphragm 3- Pericardium 4- Pleura
15. The protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord are known as what?
16. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity and what?
17. Which of the following is a term for one of the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? 1- Mediastinum 2- Right upper quadrant 3- Hypogastric 4- parietal
18. Within the thoracic cavity, what is the term for the spaces surrounding the lungs?
19. What type of movement is characterized by an increase in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
20. What type of movement is characterized by a lateral movement of the sole of the foot, away from the midline?
21. Which directional term means on the opposite side of the body from another structure?
22. Which directional term means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origination of a structure?
23. A transverse plane is also known as what?
24. Which directional term means on the same side of the body as another structure?
25. Which directional term, also known as DORSAL, means nearer to or at the back of the body?
26. Which movement is characterized by a decrease in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
27. Which movement is characterized by a movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly, a position that is one of the defining features of the anatomical position?
28. A midsagittal plane is also known as what?
29. Which movement is characterized by the movement of a body part in a circle?
30. Which regions of the upper limb is also known as the fingers?
31. The spinal column is also known as what region?
32. The sternal region is a component of which body regions?
33. Which region of the lower limb is also known as the space behind the knee?
34. The cheeks are also known as which region?
35. The chest is also known as which region?
36. The cranial and facial regions are parts of which major region of the body?
37. The region known as the lower limb is attached to the trunk and includes a thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and what?
38. Which of region of the upper limb is also known as the forearm?
39. Which region is also known as the navel?
40. The eyes are also known as what region?

A: Draw a coronal section of the brain & label all the basal ganglia structures

and the thalamic nuclei. Draw the direct pathway indicating GABA & Glutamate at the

proper synapses on the left side. Draw the indirect pathway indicating GABA &

Glutamate at the proper synapses on the right side. Use an entire piece of paper and

draw big

B: Sketch and label the 12 arteries. Use full names, not abbreviations.

The structure that protects most of the larynx anteriorly is the...

Which choice below BEST represents posterior protection for our lungs?

The hard structure inferior to our "Adam's Apple" is the....

What might be a consequence if the body had few, if any, chloride ions?

How do you Diagnosis SARS, MERS, and Covid-19? List and describe the tests performed and the differences in the diagnosis. If any sources are used please list below thank you.

What is happening physiologically with SARS? Give detailed information and explain list sources below your answer please.

Clinical Perspectives

The Metabolic Café

You are sitting in a small cafe’ in Provincetown on Cape Cod while studying for your upcoming anatomy and physiology II test on fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. The following characters share your company in the café.

1. Determine if each character is in fluid balance, water intoxication, or dehydration. Determine the compensation mechanism that is taking place to return their body to homeostasis. Explain any hormone or electrolyte changes that are causing the condition and the hormone and electrolyte changes that occur during the compensatory stage. (ADH, angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, Na, Cl, K)

2. Determine if each character is in acid-base balance or is at risk for: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis. What are the compensatory mechanisms that are taking place in each one of the following characters? For example: Metabolic compensation involves renal excretion of H+ ion and reabsorption of bicarbonate ion to correct respiratory acidosis.

For example, compensatory formula for metabolic alkalosis: You need to increase the H+ ions in the body so the respiratory compensation is Hypoventilation

H2O + CO2 à H2CO3 à H + HCO3

What are the three Buffer Systems doing to quickly and temporarily try to return the acid-base balance to homeostasis in each of the characters that are out of homeostasis?

• Protein buffer system: -COOH, NH2, Hb
• Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: H2CO3, -HCO3
• Phosphate buffer system: HPO4, H2PO4

Mr. Bud. He is a construction worker that has been working on the Cape Cod Canal for the past ten years. He has been working outdoors in the direct sunlight where the temperature is 95 degrees Fahrenheit and humidity is 80%. He's sitting at the bar at 4 PM drinking 16 oz. Bud Lite beers with an equal number of bourbon shots. He's not eating the salty bar snacks because he is watching his weight although he's on his third Budweiser and weighs 255 pounds, 5’ 8” tall. His lunch also consisted of 3 Bud Lites.

Questions: Is Mr. Bud at risk for water intoxication, dehydration, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting Mr. Bud's body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss?

Mrs. Lovely and Mr. Money. Mrs. Lovely is closing in on 40 years old. She's the first one at the exercise club in the morning at 6 AM (the nanny takes the kids to school) and performs aerobic exercise for no less than two hours, five days a week. She does not believe in rehydration because she's afraid of water weight gain. She wants to return to a size O before her 40^th birthday. Her percentage body fat is around 5%. Following her workout, she spends 20 minutes in the dry heat sauna then has a 45-minute massage. Her total caloric intake for a typical day is 1300 calories with few carbohydrates. She's sipping Lady Grey black tea.

Questions: Is Mrs. Lovely at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting her body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by her lifestyle? Is her fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mrs. Lovely at risk for respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify her self-induced condition?

Mr. Money works 60 hours per week and does not pay much attention to what he eats or drinks. Breakfast consists of two cups of black coffee. He suffers from a hiatal hernia and despite his doctor's advice he continues to work long stressful hours, drink coffee and alcohol, and eat fatty foods. Consequently, he experiences vomiting first thing in the morning and several times per day. His BP is 145/90 and higher during stress. He also has a mild heart condition for which he takes diuretics. He takes Prilosec and a handful of over-the-counter antacids daily. He drinks a glass full of sodium bicarbonate and water each night before bed to quell the heartburn. He and Mrs. Lovely usually eat out together for dinner (nanny cooks and puts the kids to bed too) at which time he tries to impress Mrs. Lovely with a show of concern for healthful eating by ordering a salad with grilled salmon for dinner accompanied by several glasses of white wine.

Questions: Is Mr. Money at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting his body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mr. Money at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

Mr. Macho. He is sitting at the bar with his friends. He is the sole surviving bachelor of his over 30 group of friends. He still lives in his parent’s house, is 31 years old, and exercises at the gym six days per week. He takes laxatives daily to keep his body weight down so he can maintain the same physique he had in high school. He's trying to impress his friends by eating 12 jalapeno peppers stuffed with cheese accompanied by an equal number of tequila shots.

Questions: Is Mr. Macho at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting his body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mr. Macho at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

The Lovers. They are sitting in the corner at a small table. Dante is finishing his masters’ degree in philosophy and plans to work at the nonprofit agency until he can form his own cult movement and ultimately run for a political office at the federal level to convert our government to Socialism. He's drinking his third cappuccino, which is the only thing he has had to drink all day. He has labored, slow, shallow breathing resulting from a gunshot wound to his chest when he was a teenager. He rolls his own cigarettes and smokes the equivalent of one pack per day.

Questions: Is Dante at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting his body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Dante at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

Sally loves everything sweet and suffers from a moderate to severe anxiety problem. She also loves carbonated drinks and frequently drinks soda and water. She also drinks no less than two 12 oz. glasses of water with bicarbonate soda every day because her friend told her it was good for her skin. Sally takes 10-12 tablets of TUMS per day for the “calcium” and she likes the taste. She is eating a candy cane ice cream sundae with marshmallow sauce accompanied by an orange sherbet Sunkist soda float. She’s beginning to nervously hyperventilate while listening to Dante as he begins pontificating again about the need for Communism in the United States.

Questions: Is Sally at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting her body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by her lifestyle? Is her fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Sally at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify her self-induced condition?

Mr. Salty. This is not his lucky day. He just turned 50 and it’s time for his first Colonoscopy. He is consuming 4 liters of the horrid hypertonic solution of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride. He’s had dibs on the men’s room all afternoon.

Questions: Is Mr. Salty at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting his body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mr. Salty at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis?

Mr. Puffy. This gentleman is 65 years old. He has smoked two packs of non-filter cigarettes per day since he was 15 years old. His face is ruddy with a nose like WC Fields. His lips and nose are blue and he is breathing through pursed lips, having trouble evacuating the air from his lungs. He has a barrel chest. The expiratory area of his respiratory center is fully activated. He sips a small glass of port wine and reminisces about the old days.

Questions: What is your understanding of Mr. Puffy’s respiratory diagnosis? Is Mr. Puffy at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

Young couple with their first baby. This is their first excursion out of the house with baby. They’ve been unable to sleep because baby is awaking all-night and asleep all day. Baby has been vomiting for the past 2-3 days, unable to keep down clear liquid or formula. Her mother told them not to worry; “spitting up” is normal. They're both exhausted and trying to enjoy their first restaurant dinner together for months. Baby is in her car seat trying to sleep but appears fidgety.

Questions: Is baby at risk for an acid- base imbalance? If so, is it respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify this condition?

Aquarius. She's sitting alone at a table drinking distilled water hoping to be discovered by a famous movie producer. She has the lead role in a small off-Broadway play. Directors in the past have often told her that she should drink a lot of water before a performance to help with her voice quality. Her aesthetician recommends 4-5 liters of pure water per day for her skin hydration. Taking this to heart, she has been drinking at least this much water a day and more. She will only eat protein, no carbohydrates, and takes laxatives to maintain a slender figure. She's also a novice jogger with great determination, putting in at least five miles per day. She rehydrates with pure water only. The only thing she has had to drink today is distilled water.

Questions: Is Aquarius at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting her body fluid level and which hormones are affected by her lifestyle? Is her fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Aquarius at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify her self-induced condition?

Which one of the two brainstem respiratory centers is extremely essential to respiration and why? What is the function of the other respiratory center?

Identify five (5) factors that influence the brain stem respiratory centers. Discuss the specific effect of each of these factors on the brain stem respiratory centers.

​​​​​​Human Physiology

1. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenario would glucose appear in the urine?
2. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.