new words please.

Briefly describe the path of food through the digestive system and explain each organ’s role in the digestive process. Research two digestive dysfunctions that can occur and discuss how each of them could impact a person’s health.

1.If metabolic rate decreases, what happens as a result to minute ventilation, and what function does this change serve?

2. If metabolic rate increases, what happens as a result to:

            a. the amount of oxygen consumed by tissues?

            b. the amount of carbon dioxide produced by tissues?

            c. the PO2 of systemic venous blood plasma (i.e. mixed venous blood)?

            d. the PCO2 of systemic venous blood plasma (i.e. mixed venous blood)?

            e. the bicarbonate concentration of systemic venous blood plasma (i.e. mixed venous blood)?

            f. the chloride concentration of systemic venous blood plasma (i.e. mixed venous blood)?

explain how a baby gains control of gis or her head before she can walk

Sample A is from a 35 year old male who visited his GP complaining of chest pain during exercise. An ECG taken at rest was normal but ischaemic changes developed on exercise. A family history revealed that his father died of a heart attack at the age of 45 years. The laboratory test results for his fasting blood sample were as follows:

Analyte                       Patient values                        Reference range for fasting

     blood sample

Sodium                                    139                              135-145 mmol/L

Potassium                                4.1                               3.0-5.0 mmol/L

Total protein                           69                                65-80 g/L

Albumin                                  35                                35-47 g/L

Calcium                                  9.3                               9.0-10.5 mg/dl

Lactate dehydrogenase           250                              90-190 IU/L

Creatine kinase                       129                              30-60 IU/L

Asparatate transaminase         70                                < 40 IU/L

Gamma glutamyl transferase 30                                < 50 IU/L

Total Bilirubin                        13                                0.4-15 μmol/L

Glucose                                   12                                3.5-5.5 mmol/L

Fructosamine                          351                              205-285 μmol/L

Cholesterol                             

            Total                            7.2                               <5.2mmol/L

            HDL                            1.4                               >1.5 mmol/L

            LDL                            ?                                  <3.5 mmol/L

Triglycerides                           2.95                             <1.7mmol/L

On the gradient gel electrophoresis, plasma sample for this patient showed the presence of small dense LDL particle.

1. Calculate and comment on the LDL cholesterol values. What does the presence of small dense LDL mean?
2. How many cardiovascular risk factors does this patient have?
3. Discuss the type of hyperlipidaemia this patient is likely to have.
4. What further tests and dietary/drug treatments would you recommend for this patient?

Pregnancy does not just affect the reproductive system, but the entire female body. Research the physiological symptoms of pregnancy.

• Based on your observations of others and your research, what are two or three physiological symptoms that seem to be the most common complaints? What are two or three symptoms that seem to be less common?
• What are the physiological causes of two or three of the symptoms you chose, and how do they relate to the development and growth of the fetus?

Describe one concept/skill that you learned in this course and why it will be important to your future practice as a Kinesiologist.

In clinical studies, Inulin and para-amino hippuric acid given intraveneously until steady state is reached in a 70 kg man. Once steady state was reached, the following measurements were collected: arterial plasma concentration of inulin 0.18 mg/ml, of paraamino hippuric acid 0.21 mg/ml; renal venous plasma concentration of para-amino hippuric acid 0.0014 mg/ml; urine flow 2.2 ml/min; urinary concentration of inulin 11.0 mg/ml, of para-amino hippuric acid 5.5 mg/ml. Calculate the renal venous concentration of inulin.

Total Body Water = 42L

Extracellular Fluid = 14L

Osmolarity = 300mOsmoles/L

Intracellular Fluid = 28L

How is the function of the kidney greatly dependent on the process of osmosis?  If there was a high amount of vasopressin, what happens regarding osmosis along the collecting duct? Include how are the regional differences (medulla vs. cortex) of the kidney are involved and the function of juxtamedullary nephrons.

• What is the difference between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis in terms of brain case (the part of the brain containing skull)
• In terms of teeth, how is Homo sapiens different from Homo neanderthalensis?
• How is Homo sapiens different from Homo neanderthalensis in terms of the face, including the jaws (and the projection of the jaws)?

What is true about gametogenesis in both males and females?

A) Primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes contain the diploid number of chromosomes.

B) The haploid number of chromosomes first appears in the gametes.

C) Gametes are formed in special structures called follicles.

D) Meiosis II is completed in all of the gametes that are produced.

Describe & explain & discuss diseases of the basal ganglia (Parkinson’s & Huntington’s)

1. What is the approximate hemoglobin O2 saturation of a blood sample that contains 10 g Hb/100 ml blood and has an O2 content of 10 ml O2/100 ml blood (ignore physically dissolved O2)? Show work

2. About 40% of Ca2+ in the blood is bound to plasma proteins, such as albumin. The [Ca2+] in Bowman’s Capsule is ~ 3 mEq/l, whereas its concentration in the plasma is ~ 5 mEq/l. Why the difference in [Ca2+] between these two compartments? Show Work

3.If the protein in the glomerular filtrate was 0.005 g/100 ml and none of it was reabsorbed, how much protein would be excreted per day, assuming a normal GFR of 180 l/day? Show Work