15). Your patient asks you which cell type in the skin is the most important cell and why? How would you reply? Explain.

16). Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

25). Describe the sequence of injuries to specific tissues that might occur if a patient’s knee receives blunt force trauma to the lateral side of the knee.

24). For the six (6) synovial joint classifications, identify which possess uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial movement. Also, identify which might be most likely to sustain injury and why that could happen.

What is the overall “strategy” of fatty acid synthesis, and how does it compare with that for fatty acid degradation? Explain.

What metabolic pathways provide molecules from which plants, microbes and mammals make amino acids? List, and name a few of the most important metabolites that provide those carbon parts.

After ovulation, the granulosa cells from the ovulated follicle differentiate into luteal cells. Steroid production by granulosa cells in a developing follicle is different from those forming the corpus luteum because:

choose the correct answer

Trace the isotopic label of --[¹⁴C]-glycine through one round of the citric acid cycle. How many ATPs equivalents would be made if the ETS was working?

The labeled carbon is the alpha carbon. Please show all the structures showing the labeled carbon all the way through.

2. Describe the mechanism of targeting of proteins to the secretory pathway. Be sure to provide the step-by-step molecular mechanism of entry of proteins into the ER.

3. Outline an experimental progression involving site-directed mutagenesis to test the hypothesis that basic (positive) amino acids are important for opening a voltage gated ion channel.

Part 2 1. Discuss the difference between a genomic and cDNA library. Give details with respect to the preparation techniques.

How does the structure at each point along the GI tract pathway enable its digestive functions? Think of this from the perspective of type of tissue and other structural adaptations to facilitate function.

The neuronal and muscle cells are full of cytoskeletal proteins.

a) The first part of this question is to thoroughly compare and contrast the microfilaments and microtubules.

Include the following in your comparison:

the subunits; how the subunits are activated; their motor proteins (including any directionality differences); the filament/tube structures (at least one similarity and one difference); one protein(s)/complex/factor for each that is required to join the subunits into filaments at the proper location in the cell; their role in cell motility; their role in cell division; their role in intracellular transportation; at least three additional proteins (not mentioned in earlier comparisons) that connect, assist, modulate, or otherwise affect these filaments/tubules; their primary locations in the cell. Point form is perfectly acceptable.

b) Now, compare intermediate filaments to these other two for 4 (only four) of these characteristics listed above. It is your choice as to which four to compare. Include at least one similarity and one difference, but the other two can be your choice (similar or different).

Reproductive System

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Discuss PID in terms of the below specifications listed below.

1.Pathophysiology

2.Etiology

3.Signs and Symptoms

4.Diagnostic Tests

5.Treatments

Create a mock CBC for the following condition

Condition: Multiple myeloma

Significant findings that could be present on the differential smear: WBC:

RBC:

PLAT:

Testing to confirm: What are the CD markers and cytogenetic abnormalities? Any relevant cytochemical stains? Other tests?

How is Multiple Myeloma different from Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?

How do Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma differ?

List the WHO classes of Myelodysplatic syndromes and a few key findings for each.

7. Using the protocol with the high signal to cut-off ratio, a patient's sample was tested three times by HCV EIA with a high single to cut-off ratio. The next step is to a. do a molecular based test b. confirm with a RIBA c. report that no additional testing is needed d. none of the above

8. Liver damage in hepatitis can be measured by measuring which of the following? a. alanine aminotransferase b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase d. all of the above e. A and C only

9. Intravenous drug users are at risk for a. hepatitis A b. hepatitis B c. hepatitis C d. all of the above   

10. Which of the following protects against a hepatitis A infection? a. Twinrex® (GSK), VAQTA® (Merck), and HAVRIX® (GSK) b. Engerix-B® and Recombivax® c. Comvax d. Pediarix ® e. all of the above

11. A patient who comes into the clinic states that she has very recent known exposure to hepatitis A. She has not received a hepatitis A vaccine. What should be done? a. test for antibody to hepatitis A b. give her interferon alpha c. give her immune globulin d. give her the hepatitis A vaccine e. C or D   

3.Describe how and where sperm are produce.

Contrast gigantism versus acromegaly discussing the effects of GH imbalance on the skeleton/bones & cartilage, if appicable.

1 List all of the cranial nerves that only have a purely sensory function & state the specific function of each cranial nerve that you list.

2. Where are the basal nuclei located? What is their general function?