What is true about gametogenesis in both males and females?

A) Primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes contain the diploid number of chromosomes.

B) The haploid number of chromosomes first appears in the gametes.

C) Gametes are formed in special structures called follicles.

D) Meiosis II is completed in all of the gametes that are produced.

Describe & explain & discuss diseases of the basal ganglia (Parkinson’s & Huntington’s)

1. What is the approximate hemoglobin O2 saturation of a blood sample that contains 10 g Hb/100 ml blood and has an O2 content of 10 ml O2/100 ml blood (ignore physically dissolved O2)? Show work

2. About 40% of Ca2+ in the blood is bound to plasma proteins, such as albumin. The [Ca2+] in Bowman’s Capsule is ~ 3 mEq/l, whereas its concentration in the plasma is ~ 5 mEq/l. Why the difference in [Ca2+] between these two compartments? Show Work

3.If the protein in the glomerular filtrate was 0.005 g/100 ml and none of it was reabsorbed, how much protein would be excreted per day, assuming a normal GFR of 180 l/day? Show Work

A 75 year old man was brought into the clinic by his daughter after she noticed that his right eyelid was drooping. She wasn’t sure how long his symptoms had been going on for. During the physical examination, you notice that although his right eyelid was drooping, eye movements were normal. His right pupil appeared to be smaller than the right.

1. What is your differential diagnosis?

2. What part of the nervous system appears to be malfunctioning?

The Hepatic Portal Vein is one of the most unusual blood vessels in the body. It carries blood from the capillaries of almost the whole digestive system to the liver where it goes through another set of capillaries before returning to the heart. In addition, it is the only vein that does not have valves. Given these characteristics describe and explain the structure of the vessel as it pertains to vascular resistance.

17. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a _____ hormone that _____.

1. A hunger hormone; indirectly tells your brain that you're hungry
2. A satiety hormone; indirectly tells your brain that you're full
3. A glucoregulatory hormone; helping balance blood sugars

18. Digested food travels slowly through the intestines because it allows nutrients to come into contact with the intestinal wall so that they can be transported to circulation.

• True
• False

19. According to_______, energy is never really created nor destroyed - it just moves around or gets transformed from one form to another.

1. Stretch-shortening cycle
2. The Laws of Thermodynamics
3. Newton's Third Law
4. A and B

20. Amino Acids supply the energy for most of our regular functioning.

• True
• False

21. Triglycerides and _____ make up the two most important "raw materials" for making ATP in the body.

1. Amino acids
2. Protein
3. Glycogen
4. Minerals, co-factors

11- Regarding the nephron loop the ascending and descending segments differ in what way?

a.Thin descending limb, thick ascending limb
b.Thin ascending limb, thick descending limb
c.Both limbs are thin and do not differ
d.The descending limb is in the medulla, the thick in the cortex

12-The proximal convoluted tubule forms at the termination of the ___________.
a.the glomerulus
b.the collecting duct
c.the Bowmans capsule
d.the nephron

13- The epithelia of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are mostly ______________
a.simple squamous
b.simple columnar
c.stratified squamous
d.simple cuboidal
e.transitional

14-Which of the following is/are not secondary sex organs?
a.Penis
b.Clitoris
c.Uterus
d.Prostate gland
e.All of these are secondary sex organs

15- From the gonads, the vas deferens (ductus deferens) travels thru and is surrounded by what structure as it passes back into the abdominal cavity.
a.inguinal ligament
b.spermatic cord
c.gubernaculums
d.sustentaculum

16- Homologous structures in the male and female include all of the following except _______________.
a.penis/clitoris
b.scrotum/labia majora
c.uterine tube/ductus deferens
d.prostate/cervix

1. The kidneys are located ____________________
   A. posterior to the rib cage
   B. superior to the adrenal glands
   C. posterior to the intestinal tract
   D. none of these are true
   
   2. The renal pyramids are located in the _______________
   A. cortical area of the kidney
   B. medullary area of the kidney
   C. at the renal hilus
   D. in the glomerulus

3. A unique feature of the anatomy of the blood supply to the glomerulus is that ___________________

A. there are two afferent arteries

B. there are two efferent arteries

C. that it is a capillary bed that has an arteriole entering and an arteriole leaving

D. that there is no exit arteriole as all of the blood flow is changed to filtrate

4. Kidney stones, renal calculi are most frequently found in the ____________

5. bladder

6. ureter

7. urethra

8. glomerulus

5- The capillaries in the glomerulus, are known to be
A. designated as fenestrated
B. designated as sinusoidal
C. continuous
D. are permeable to proteins and electrolytes   E.Both A and D

Explain how carbohydrates are digested( polysaccharides and disacchardies )

Nate Diaz was punched in the ear and immediately started hearing a ringing in his ears. why did physical pressure on his ears lead to the auditory changes that Nate experienced?

Describe the histology of the respiratory tract and how that changes between the trachea and the alveoli.

Which of the substances below does NOT travel in the blood and act on a receptor
to cause its effects?
A. cholecystokinin
B. chymotrypsin
C. gastrin
D. secretin

If the vagus nerves (parasympathetic) were cut, which one of the following is true?
A. bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas will be inhibited in the intestinal phase
B. the cephalic phase of gastric secretions would be inhibited
C. saliva secretion would no longer occur
D. glucose absorption will be prevented

If brush border cells were no longer functioning, which one of the following could still
be digested?
A. dipeptide à amino acid + amino acid
B. triglyceride à monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids
C. fructose à glucose + sucrose
D. lactose à glucose + galactose

What is true regarding the absorption of carbohydrates?
A. monosaccharides must be further digested before they can be absorbed
B. disaccharides are absorbed with hydrogen ions across the apical membrane of
intestine cells
C. sodium cotransporters move all absorbable carbohydrates into epithelial cells
D. fructose can be absorbed with a facilitated transporter

What is true regarding carbohydrate use in the body?
A. neurons increase glycogenesis in the fed state
B. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle provides glucose for the body
C. excess glucose is utilized in a process of lipogenesis
D. an increase in blood glucose levels results in ketogenesis

What is true about neurons that produce vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)?
A. are found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. have axons that end within the posterior pituitary
C. are activated when blood volume is elevated
D. are sensitive to blood temperature changes
20. What are mutations of the MC4 receptor