In: Anatomy and Physiology
(32) 1. There are four processes associated with the nephron in the kidney: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and water conservation.
(12) a. Briefly describe the four process: Identify in which part of the nephron the processes occur. Briefly describe the material that is transferred in the processes. Identify the source and destination of the transferred materials.
The Three Steps of Urine Formation
1)Filtration,
2)Reabsorption,
3)Secretion
The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete them. There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body.
1. The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other Substances from the
Blood:
Each kidney possess over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons.
Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The
glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike
structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood
flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and
solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration
membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation
process.
2. The Filtration Membrane Keeps Blood Cells and Large Proteins
in the Bloodstream:
Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries
into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells.
This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes
to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components
remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed
through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further
into the nephron.
3. Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the
Blood:
The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the
bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other
substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids,
and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it
flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it
moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through
the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital
nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine
creation.
4. Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from the Blood Complete
the Formation of Urine:
The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal
tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries.
At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the
capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called
secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate
and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a
collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal
pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.