Question

2. Explain how lymph is formed. What would be the impact on lymph formation if the osmotic force at the venous end of the capillary was more successful at recovering fluid lost at the arterial end?

1. The causative organism of tuberculosis has a coat around it that makes it much more resistant than other bacteria to digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide. What can you say about this characteristic, and why is it more difficult for the body to fight off these bacteria?

3 . How would you explain how the various types of T cells can fine-tune the immune system?

4 . Why do you think the development of cancer can be seen as a failure of the immune system?

7 . If the genes that produce Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were abnormal, what effect might have on a person’s immunity?

Answer 1

2.Fluid from the intestine which is named as chyle ,when this interstitial fluid is getting collected through the fine lymph capillaries,lymph is formed.

If osmotic force at the venous end of capillary becomes more successful at recovering fluid lost at arterial end,the lymphatic channels will be obstructed resulting into elevation of interstitial fluid in the interstitial space therefore edema condition will persist.

1.Tuberculosis develops by the acid fast,aerobic bacilli bacterium Myocobacterium tuberculosis and it infects the respiratory system mainly lungs.In the course of infection,mycobacterium gets phagocytosed by the macrophages of alveoli but this process is not capable to kill mycobacterium.The cell wall of the mycobacterium prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion.it occurs due to blocked bridging molecule early endosomal autoantigen and therefore grow unnoticed abundantly.This is the reason it becomes more difficult for body to fight off these bacteria.

The tuberculosis bacterium covers themselves in a coat around which is nucleoside 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd) and that acts as a antacid ,neutralizes the pH and swells up the lysosomes.Therefore it becomes more resistant than other bacteria.

3.The foreign agents acts as antigen for our body system and transported to the lymphoid tissues by antigen presenting cells(APC).Then APC displays MHC class molecule on cell surface after processing of antigen.Followed to that T cells identifies the MHC by T cell receptor and becomes activated.Once activated ,T cells secrets cytokines and directly attack on to the transformed /infected cells.Therefore,produce more cytokines to eliminate the infected cells rapidly.The another way of fine -tuning is production of memory T cell,which remembers the past infections and fights off with more efficiency than before.

4. Cancer cells weakens the immune system and doesn't allow the immune cell production.Cancer cells does this through spreading in bone marrow and thus in blood flow.Another way the cancer cells adapt is changes the local environment and becomes malignant.Recently researchers have shown that suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) found to be inactivated in the cancer cells which leads to weakens the immune system of cytokine production.Further activation of SOCS2 ,unmasked the function of immune cells to fight off with cancer cells.

5. If toll-like receptors found to be abnormal in the gene, attenuates the recognition molecule production i.e cytokine production to fight off pathogens and other foreign particles.The person with abnormal TLR can get infections easily and can't avoid the reception of bacterial infection.