How would you go about developing a vaccine for Alzheimer’s disease?

What would you target?

What is the evidence for this target(s)?

How would the immune system attack this target?

What are the normal physiological functions of the target?

What are the potential complications or side effects of such a vaccine?

The IMA is ligated (occluded) when removing an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. The IMA normally supplies arterial blood to the sigmoid colon and rectum. Uusualy, the sigmoid colon and rectum survive such a ligation. How do they survive? discuss the normal blood supply to the entire GI tract (in chart/table form, with names of arteries and names of corresponding structures), and then what occurs after the IMA is ligated to keep the sigmoid colon and rectum alive.

Describe the interaction between central command, arterial baroreflexes, and skeletal muscle afferents during acute exercise (low intensity to high intensity exercise). Alsoo briefly describe these 3 neural components that mediate acute exercise responses

After distinguishing between internal and external male’s genital organs, discuss how after sperm cells are produced, males form semen, the fluid that is eventually ejaculated.

Describe the cascade effect of the endocrine system beginning in the brain and traveling the  stomach

Explain why all protein sources are not the same. (Hint: think about limiting amino acids and complementary proteins)

Many choice: Which of the following would correct elevated blood sugar in a type 1 diabetic? Select one or more: a. A drug that caused Glut4 to be inserted into plasma membranes any time blood glucose rises b. A drug that caused insulin receptors to function normally c. Artificial beta cells that would not be destroyed by the immune system d. A molecule that binds any immune receptor that recognizes a pancreatic beta cell

Many choice The female oral contraceptive pill relies on

Select one or more:

a. Negative feedback to prevent development of follicles in the ovary

b. Negative feedback to inhibit secretion of hormones that promote ovulation

c. Positive feedback to promote the LH surge

d. Positive feedback to prevent the LH surge

11. In oogenesis, when do the primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, and ovum form? Which of these

are haploid cells?

12. In the ovarian cycle, what are the main events of the follicular phase? What are the main

hormones involved?

How can we measure body fat? Do individuals have different body types and how does that contribute to their risk of obesity? What are some of the causes of obesity? Why is it easier for men to lose weight than it is for women? Which one are you? And how did you get this body type?

How do diuretics work (hint: most of them affect Na + reabsorption)? How would administering a
patient an ACE inhibitor (drug that inhibits the enzymatic activity of ACE) help with hypertension?

7) Considering the magnitude of glomerular filtration, the extent of tubular reabsorption is tremendous:
e.g., the tubules typically reabsorb >99% of the filtered water (47 gallons/day), 100% of filtered sugar
(2.5 lbs/day), & ~99.5% of the filtered salt (0.65 lb/day).
Describe the processes involved in passive and active reabsorption. Which membrane (i.e., which side
of the tubule cell) contains the Na + K + pumps? How does this pump effect [Na + ] in the epithelial cell?

Degeneration of neurons in which structure is primarily responsible for idiopathic Parkinson's disease? What is the main neurotransmitter of these neurons (Review Figure 16.7, p. 750 in Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, 2nd Ed.)? How does the loss of these neurons result in a hypokinetic movement disorder?

6) A decrease in MAP is detected by baroreceptors, which initiate a reflexive increase in sympathetic
activity. This results in generalized vasoconstriction of arterioles throughout the body. Among the
arterioles that constrict are the afferent arterioles of the kidneys (which are innervated to a much
greater extent than the efferent arterioles). What effect does this have on GFR? And how does this
counteract the drop in blood pressure? What is the consequence of sympathetic stimulation of the beta-
1 receptors on JG cells?

List, in order of their occurrence, the steps in excitation-contraction of vertebrate striated muscle, starting with arrival of an action potential in the motoneuron and ending with the generation of muscle tension. Include anatomical structures.

Think about the formation of urine. Imagine that you are describing the journey of a drop of blood, from the hepatic artery, to the production of glomerular filtrate, to the excretion of urine. What are the structures that the blood/GFR/urine will pass through, and what processes is the product exposed to? In other words - how is urine produced from the vantage point of a single drop of blood in the hepatic artery? Once you have described the normal process for this, pick one of the pathologies below and describe how the process of urine formation would be different in an individual with your chosen pathology:

Diabetic kidney disease