What are the major immunoglobulins and their function?

1. Classifications of Skeletal System

   1. Axial

   2. Appendicular

2. Functions of the Skeletal System

   1. supports the body

   2. facilitates movement

   3. protects internal organs

   4. produces blood cells

   5. stores and releases minerals and fat

3. Bone classification & Structure

   1. Flat, irregular, short, long, sesamoid

4. Bone Anatomy

   1. Long and Short bone

5. Bone Physiology (Tissue)

   1. Compact vs Spongy Bone

   2. Cells of the bone, their functions, and how they develop

   3. Matrix

   4. Mineral salts (calcium & phosphorus)

   5. Osteon structure and function

   6. Bone Marrow

   7. Blood and Nerve supply

6. Bone Deposition and Resorption

   1. Calcium Homeostasis

   2. Vitamin D (Calcitriol’s function)

7. Bone Formation

   1. Endochondral Ossification

   2. Intramembranous ossification

   3. Bone Elongation (zones of growth)

8. Bone Repair

9. Classification of Joints

   1. Fibrous (Synarthrodial)

   2. Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrodial)

   3. Synovial (Diarthrodial)

10. Anatomy of the Knee & Shoulder Joint

During the process of turning filtrate into urine,

Group of answer choices

the proximal tubule and Loop of Henle are responsible for reabsorbing most of the water and Na+.

Water is reabsorbed only in the collecting ducts.

The Loop of Henle decreases filtrate volume by removing water from the filtrate in the ascending limb.

Secretion of H+ occurs only in the proximal tubule.

Question1)

a) What implications does Bandura Theory have for parenting practices?

b) how does parenting influence a child’s ability to regulate their emotions?

c) how does Bowlby’s attachment theory help explain the impact on child abuse and neglect on a child’s development?

A relative of yours has recently been diagnosed with mitral regurgitation, a heart condition where the mitral valve does not function as it normally should. Your relative knows you are studying human physiology and asks you the importance of valves in heart function.

1. a) Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart starting from the vena cava and ending at the aorta. Include in your answer the role of the valves in ensuring the one-way direction of blood flow
2. b) From your knowledge on the normal role of the mitral valve, what are two potential complications that could arise as a result of mitral regurgitation?

Case:

Ms. D, a mother approaching her 35th week of pregnancy reports to an urgent care facility with her husband. She complains of diffuse abdominal pain, weakness, and dizziness that started approximately 3 days earlier. Her blood pressure is 145/95 mm

Hg. The laboratory technician does a quick urinalysis and detects 1 + protein in the patient's urine. A blood sample is drawn, the physician calls the woman 's obstetrician, and the woman and her husband are sent to the hospital.

Questions:

27. What condition does Ms. D have?

Pre-eclampsia with severe features because Mrs. D

28. Why is this considered a serious situation?

29. What are the possible complications of this condition?

Case:

A 24-year-old woman and her 26-year-old husband are unable to conceive. The couple has had unprotected intercourse for approximately 18 months, with no resulting pregnancy. The husband's infertility workup is completely normal. Both individuals are avid runners and participate in marathons at least four times each year. The wife's infertility workup came back with a repeat follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level of more than 40 IU/L. She had an FSH determination about a month earlier that was also more than 40 IU/L.

For questions 30-31 refer to the case above:

30. What condition accounts for the couple's inability to conceive?

31. Are follow-up hormonal tests necessary? Why or why not?

This task focuses on your ability to 'critically' watch a video and form your own opinions - in favour of/ against /neutral about the approach taken by the doctors in FIJI to treat a crisis on Diabetic complications.

In Fiji there is one diabetic amputation every 12 hours. This is devastating for a country with a population around 1 million. This inspirational talk is by Dr Jone Hawea who is a surgeon and spent many years in this field, and particularly around diabetic amputations.

Please find the video on yotube by searching" A Holistic Approach to the Crisis of Non-Communicable Diseases | Dr Jone Hawea | TEDxSuva"

Regarding body temperature, what would you have expected to see/ record? Was this the case? your recorded results of two mechanisms that explain the phenomenon of body temperature - which one were they? So how does the body actually use these to maintain constant body temperature?

     a) how do chemicals (neurotransmitters) cause a response in other neurons?

b) Discuss the regulation of blood pressure by the cardiovascular center as an example of negative feedback. Make sure to identify the receptors, integrating center, effectors and discuss the set point.

c) skeletal muscle contraction: explain the role of Ca2+ in the development of a twitch and explain the relationship between action potential frequency, twitches and tetanus

Explain how counter current multiplier and counter current exchange occur in the kidney.

Describe the events of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney.

A 3-year-old Caucasian boy is brought to the clinic for a chronic productive cough not responding to antibiotics given recently. He has no fever or sick contacts. His medical history is significant for abdominal distention, failure to pass stool, and emesis as an infant. He continues to have bulky,foul-smelling stools. No diarrhea is present. He has several relatives with chronic lung and “stomach” problems, and some have even died at a young age. The examination reveals an ill appearing, slender male in moderate distress. The lung physical reveals poor air movement in the base of lungs bilateral and coarse rhonchi throughout both lung fields. A chloride sweat test was performed and was positive, indicating cystic fibrosis (CF). What is the mechanism of the disease? How might gel electrophoresis assist in making the diagnosis?

Imagine you are a nurse working in a surgical theatre, or in imaging. A patient tells you that they have to go in for a scan and that it is " of a longitudinal sagittal section through the left thorax and abdomen midway between the sternum and shoulder"

1. in lay terms describe the orientation of this scan to the patient

2. name as many organs as possible that you could see in this scan

3. furthermore, describe what you would see if the scan was a transverse section through their upper leg(Thigh)