Case study: A 56-year man suffering from shortness of breath, bradycardia, dizziness and fatigue presents to his GP. He is already on medication for hypertension, so she refers him to a cardiologist for further investigations. The doctor orders an echocardiogram and a CT scan. The results of the tests reveal that the man has an abnormal aortic valve that is interfering with the heart function.

1. Define bradycardia and state two causes of this condition [3 marks]
2. Describe the structure and function of the aortic valve and explain the consequences of an incompetent valve. [7 marks].

The patient undergoes surgery to replace the heart valve and is prescribed warfarin. He is released from hospital and while at home he is visited by a nurse who administers the warfarin. During the process, the man collapses and is taken back to hospital. He is diagnosed with a heart block, with atrial fibrillation.

3. Explain why warfarin is prescribed following valve replacement surgery. [1 mark]
4. Explain what is meant by a heart block [3 marks].
5. Explain what is meant by atrial fibrillation. [2 marks]
6. Outlines 2 methods that can be used to treat atrial fibrillation [2 marks]
7. Briefly outline how a pacemaker works. [2 marks]

Case Study: A 40-year old woman experiences pain in the right ‘flank’ region of her body. At first she thinks that the pain is a result of a ‘pulled muscle’ following a session at her local gym and tries to ignore it. However, the pain gets worse and she can no longer tolerate it so she goes to her local hospital.

A CT scan shows that she has nephrolithiasis or kidney stone formation.

Questions:

1. Describe the gross anatomy of the right kidney. [8 marks]

2. Explain the process of formation of kidney stones. [4 marks]

3. State one major cause of kidney stone formation. [1 mark]

4. Describe the anatomical location in the kidney where kidneys stones typically form. [2 marks]

5. Describe the anatomical site where the stones are most likely to cause pain, and why this is the case. [3 marks]

6. Outline the possible consequences of the stones reaching the bladder. [2 marks]

How is the patient evaluation after the treated shoulder dislocation?
What are the methods applied in the rehabilitation period?

If an individual had a bone marrow cancer and there was a large increase of red blood cell production (polycythemia) what would happen to blood flow?

a) it would initially have a slight increase and then later rise significantly

b)it would cause a decrease

c) it would cause a large increase

d) it wouldn’t have any effect

As the resistance (load) to muscle contraction increased, what happened to the velocity of muscle contraction?

a) it increased

b) it stays the same

c) it increased dramatically and then leveled off

d) it decreased

2) how is wave summation achieved in vivo (that is, in the living muscle)?
a) by decreasing the amount of potassium

b) by increasing the strength of a neuron’s action potential

c) by increasing the frequency of neuron firing

d) by myelinated great the neuron

Please answer the following assignment in less than 500 words. I want a brand-new assignment.
In clinical laboratory testing, how can we minimize pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical errors?

Please answer the following assignment in less than 500 words. I want a brand-new assignment.
Serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function, its role in diagnosis, prognosis, and detection of renal impairments, in addition include in you reports the pros and cons of cystatin C as a marker of kidney function.

Part 1: Create a hand drawn diagram of action potential in a neuron leading to synaptic vesicle release at the neuromuscular junction, and include the following terms: Action Potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Sodium, Potassium, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, Threshold Refractory Period, Voltage-gated Potassium Channel, Hyperpolarization, Resting Membrane Potential, Sodium/Potassium Pump, Vesicle, Acetylcholine, Calcium

Please read the numbered line story below. Based upon your knowledge and understanding of anatomy and physiology as presented in this course, please provide comprehensive responses to each question presented.

1. In one terrifying second the lights in the expansive basement file room went dark.
2. The young file clerk was instantly disoriented—unable to even see her hand in front of her face.
3. She waited a few long seconds and she was finally able to make out the shadowy outlines of file cabinets.
4. She then became aware of strange noises around her.
5. Tried as she did, she was unable to discern the source of the noises or even what they were.
6. She decided that she had to find her way out of the shadowy basement.
7. Though she could not see her feet, she carefully put one foot in front of the other and began to walk,
8. Her arms outstretched to avoid bumping into the filing cabinets, she slowly worked her way through the maze of cabinets.
9. As she continued her dark odyssey, she suddenly stopped.
10. One of those unrecognizable noises sounded terribly familiar.
11. The sound of labored breathing, dragging chains, and a gait characterized by a terribly dragging foot on the cold concrete floor, a low moaning growl, menacingly whispering her name.
12. She is now outside in a thick forest.
13. Running as fast as she can the sounds of chains and moaning racing behind her.
14. Her heart is pounding, eyes wide, a heightened sense of terror begins to consume her but she continues to run.
15. Her legs begin to ache.
16. It is becoming harder and harder to keep up the pace.
17. The menacing sounds of chains and moaning is getting closer and closer.
18. Finally, she can run no more.
19. She falls to the ground.
20. As she is breathing heavily, gasping for air, the terrifying sounds of her pursuer get closer and closer.
21. She feels vibration of the ground decrease as the monster seems to move away from her.
22. She calms, she begins planning her next moves...but then the vibrations increase
23. She braces herself for the worst. And then…
24. her five year old son jumps onto the bed…”Mommy it’s time to get up!!”
25. It was just a nightmare

*each number represents the line that is stated in the question below. Use the specific line to answer those questions using the knowledge about the A&P.

QUESTION 5

Please discuss the division of the peripheral nervous system that is likely most critically active in line 14.

QUESTION 6

Line 3 is demonstrative of an important characteristic of life. Please identify and provide an appropriate discussion of this important characteristic of life.

QUESTION 7

Please provide a detailed discussion of the physiology most likely associated with lines 15, 16, and 18.

QUESTION 8

Lines number 4 and 5 are demonstrative of at least two critical functions of the nervous system. Please provide a brief discussion of those two functions.

1. Please read the numbered line story below. Based upon your knowledge and understanding of anatomy and physiology as presented in this course, please provide comprehensive responses to each question presented.
   1. In one terrifying second the lights in the expansive basement file room went dark.
   2. The young file clerk was instantly disoriented—unable to even see her hand in front of her face.
   3. She waited a few long seconds and she was finally able to make out the shadowy outlines of file cabinets.
   4. She then became aware of strange noises around her.
   5. Tried as she did, she was unable to discern the source of the noises or even what they were.
   6. She decided that she had to find her way out of the shadowy basement.
   7. Though she could not see her feet, she carefully put one foot in front of the other and began to walk,
   8. Her arms outstretched to avoid bumping into the filing cabinets, she slowly worked her way through the maze of cabinets.
   9. As she continued her dark odyssey, she suddenly stopped.
   10. One of those unrecognizable noises sounded terribly familiar.
   11. The sound of labored breathing, dragging chains, and a gait characterized by a terribly dragging foot on the cold concrete floor, a low moaning growl, menacingly whispering her name.
   12. She is now outside in a thick forest.
   13. Running as fast as she can the sounds of chains and moaning racing behind her.
   14. Her heart is pounding, eyes wide, a heightened sense of terror begins to consume her but she continues to run.
   15. Her legs begin to ache.
   16. It is becoming harder and harder to keep up the pace.
   17. The menacing sounds of chains and moaning is getting closer and closer.
   18. Finally, she can run no more.
   19. She falls to the ground.
   20. As she is breathing heavily, gasping for air, the terrifying sounds of her pursuer get closer and closer.
   21. She feels vibration of the ground decrease as the monster seems to move away from her.
   22. She calms, she begins planning her next moves...but then the vibrations increase
   23. She braces herself for the worst. And then…
   24. her five year old son jumps onto the bed…”Mommy it’s time to get up!!”
   25. It was just a nightmare.

QUESTION 1

1. Please list and discuss the rationale for the underlined portion of line 20.

   QUESTION 2

2. Line 7 refers to the woman’s ability to functionally move her limbs even though she could not see. Please discuss the neurological specializations that make this possible.

   QUESTION 3

3. Please discuss the division of the peripheral nervous system most likely critically active in the underlined portion of line 22.

   QUESTION 4

4. Please describe the neural pathway (from PNS to CNS) that makes line 21 possible.

Compare and contrast Formed elements an d plasma 250 words in APA format

Type a 500-600 word response to this topic below:

The B cell response is largely associated with the generation of a tailored antibody response to combat pathogens. This involves a number of steps from the naive B cell’s from first encounter with antigen to becoming an antibody secreting plasma cell, secreting high affinity antibody of a useful isotype.

With this general theme in mind, paint a picture in word of the processes and interactions that occur in secondary lymphoid organs that result in the generation and secretion of high affinity, isotype switched antibodies.

How do altered cellular communication and chronic inflammation affect the aging process of a 80 year old woman?