8) Which of the following could be issues caused by dysfunctional interstitial cells of the testes in an adult male? Select all that apply.

A) Low sperm cell production

B) Increased levels of GnRH in the blood

C) No formation of the male reproductive structures

D) A lack of growth plate ossification

E) Lower energy levels in the body

11) Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true? (1 point)

A) Oogenesis begins after birth

B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogenesis

C) An ovum completes its last mitosis after it is fertilized

D) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes

18) Which of the following conditions is an age-related change for menopause? (1 point)

A) Hypertrophy and repositioning of the uterus

B) Increased mucus secretion in the uterus

C) Decreased hormone production by ovaries - Would cause D

D) Hot flashes, increased sweating, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

E) Increased proliferation of follicles

20) Puberty in a female includes (select all that apply) (2 points)

A) Adipose tissue growth in the breasts and hips

?B) Increased muscle mass, especially in the hips

C) Closure of the uterine tubes

D) Regular ovulation triggered by increases in LH, FSH, and estrogen

E) Estradiol production increasing

23) The effects of estrogen are (select all that apply). (2 points)

?A) Positive feedback on LH and FSH secretion

B) Sloughing of the endometrium

?C) Inhibition of GnRH release

D) Stimulation of progesterone release

E) Upregulation of LH receptors in developing follicle

24) What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? Select all that apply (2 points)

A) Spiral glands become necrotic

B) Spiral arteries are dilated

C) Spiral glands form in the functional layer-

D) Spiral glands secrete glycogen

E) Epithelial cells rapidly divide

29) What occurs during menses? Select all that apply (2 points)

A) Secretion of glycogen by endometrial cells

B) Necrosis of the functional layer

C) Constriction of spiral arteries

D) Contraction of uterine smooth muscle

E) Increased secretion of progesterone

7) Select all of the following that are functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system. (2 points)

A) Spermatocyte creation

-B) Supplying nutrients for gamete motility

-C) Moving fluids along the reproductive tract

D) Buffer production

E) Hormone secretion for fertility regulation

5) Where would the most mature sperm cells be found? (1 point)

A) In the seminiferous tubules

B) In the testes

C) In the ejaculatory duct—

D) In the seminal vesicles

E) In the bulbourethral gland

11) Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true? (1 point)

A) Oogenesis begins after birth

B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogenesis

C) An ovum completes its last mitosis after it is fertilized

D) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes

12) Select all of the following that are true of the vagina. (1 point)

A) Loses its inner lining during menses

B) Has a cervix for connection to the uterus

C) Holds sperm before their movement to the uterus

D) Is the lower region of the birth canal

E) Assists in urine movement via the urethra

⦁ Explain the main differences in characteristics of an athlete diagnosed as suffering from anorexia nervosa compared with bulimia nervosa.

⦁ State the factors that may increase the risk of developing an eating disorder in young female athletes.

⦁ Examine the potential effect of eating disorders on physiological function and endurance exercise performance in female runners.

When a patient is looking directly to the right, which muscles are contacted in each eye?

1. Trace the pathway of urine formation from the nephron/collecting duct until urine leaves the body through the urethra. Be sure to include all structures urine passes before it exits at the external urethral orifice. Note the differences in the male and female urethra.
2. Draw and label the parts of the uriniferous tubule. Include all parts of the nephron and the collecting duct. List the sequence of filtrate moving through the nephron to collecting duct in the correct sequence.

1. Name the specializations of the small intestine from largest to smallest structure. What is their purpose?

2. Name the subdivisions of the small and large intestines in the complete and correct sequence.

3. Draw and label the parts of the uriniferous tubule. Include all parts of the nephron and the collecting duct. List the sequence of filtrate moving through the nephron to collecting duct in the correct sequence.

Give a detailed description of the Ames assay including how it is performed, the basic principle of how mutants are detected, what general types of mutations can be detected, and the advantages and disadvantages of the Ames assay over more complex mammalian genotoxicity tests.

Would you say that visual semiotics are signs of everyday life? Explain why and give an example.

Compare, contrast, outline the steps of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification and name one bone that goes through each process.

Hello,

would you please show me what is the difference between throat , pharynx, and larynx ?

it is so hard for me to know what is exactly throat means.

Thank you!

Case:

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier. The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’s examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and arm pit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand.

Questions:

6. What has produced the swelling?

7. Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop less functionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue with age?

8. Immunologists recognize two partially overlapping lines of defense against invaders and/or other abnormal, potentially harmful cells: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In the case above, which would likely to occur first? What is innate immunity? Explain.

Case:

A 30-year-old woman with a history of infertility is discovered to have a high titer of antisperm antibodies.

Questions:

9. Immunoglobulins of humans fall into five major classes. Which immunoglobulin classes most likely provides acquired “immunity” against spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of this patient? Explain.

10. This immunoglobin class is mainly produced in an initial response to an antigen.

11. This immunoglobulin class can cross the placental barrier and confers passive immunity against certain infections until the newborn’s own adaptive immune system is acquired.

Case 1

Mrs. A is a 28-year-old woman married to her new husband for three years already. She’s eager to have a baby already. She has 4 children with the first marriage. History reveals that she’d been having infections in her reproductive system in her previous marriage. She has regular menstruation with three days duration of moderate to heavy flow. There are no accompanying manifestations. She likewise had been infected with sexually transmitted disease since her previous husband was unfaithful to her for several times. She was given injections to treat her. So Since then she had regular follow-up with her physician who is a gynecologist. After her second marriage, work-up was done on her husband, which turned out to be normal. She likewise has undergone procedures to determine the patency of her tubes. She was told that that her tubes got inflamed which scarred blocking the tubes.

1.. Why should the client undergo the procedure to determine the patency of the tubes?

2. What histological features could have been affected by the inflammation in the previous years?

3. Why is Mrs. A based on the history and your assumptions, cannot or has difficulty of bearing a child based on her history?4. Aside from the inflammation of the tubes, what possible problem can arise that will make Mrs. A risks her life?

4. Why?

Case 2:

1. Interpret the following results of a 53-year-old woman who complained of

memory loss: the serum T4 concentration is 3.8 ug/dl (n=4.5-12.5), the serum

TSH is 23.0 uU/ml (n=0.2-3.5), and the serum cholesterol is 255 mg/dl (n<200). Is

this hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism? Explain your answer.

Neurons to act as integrators. Discuss the concepts of facilitation temporal and spatial summation and convergence in the context of integration

1. Describe in detail a minimum of 4 ways in which taste is an integrated sense. Your answers should reflect the breadth of your understanding.