List the sequence of structures that a single amino acid (initially in a protein molecule that you eat) goes through from the moment it passes your lips to when it ends up in a hepatocyte. Then explain what (if any) chemicals relevant to digestive physiology it is exposed to at each step and what happens to the protein and eventually protein fragments each step of the way.

During human implantation a. cytotrophoblast cells spread along the basal lamina of the uterine epithelium b. the blastocyst usually invades the cervical region of the uterus c. the blastocyst is present during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle d. syncytiotrophoblast cells will invade uterine stroma following endometrial contact e. the anterior pituitary begins secreting high amounts of hCG

9. Human implantation occurs

a. During the estrogenic phase of the uterine cycle

b. During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

c. During the fourth week of development

d. a and b

e. none of the above

QUESTION 9

1. Drugs that aim to lower blood cholesterol work by

   		preventing recycling of bile salts.
   		All the alternatives
   		inhibiting hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
   		inhibiting its intestinal absorption.

2 points   

QUESTION 10

1. For marathoners, the ATP for sustained muscle contraction comes from the metabolism of which of the following substrates?

   		proteins and amino acids
   		fatty acids
   		All the alternatives
   		glucose

2 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Which of the following is TRUE about fasted-state metabolism?

   		it is catabolic
   		All the alternatives
   		leads to the formation of ketone bodies
   		maintains plasma glucose for the brain

2 points   

QUESTION 12

1. Which of the following is NOT true regarding type 2 diabetes?

   		incidence is related to poor lifestyle habits
   		accounts for 90% of all diabetes
   		tissues are insulin-resistant
   		is associated with beta cell destruction in the pancreas

2 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Generally, insulin and glucagon are released by opposing stimuli and have opposing effects on metabolism. However, both hormones are released by the stimulus of an increase in blood amino acids. Which answer below explains why this occurs?

   		Glucagon release is part of a positive feedback loop.
   		Both insulin and glucagon promote amino acid absorption at the small intestine.
   		Glucagon prevents hypoglycemia following ingestion of a pure protein meal.
   		Amino acids are present in the blood during both anabolism and catabolism.

2 points   

QUESTION 14

1. Individuals with diabetes who need to take insulin usually inject insulin rather than taking it as a pill because

   		injecting it means that the insulin reaches most cells before passing through the liver first.
   		injecting it helps it to cross the blood-brain barrier.
   		the hormone will be broken down in the digestive system if taken orally.
   		they need insulin to enter their bloodstream more quickly.

2 points   

QUESTION 15

1. The maintenance of plasma glucose concentration within its narrow range is achieved through which of the following?

   		glycogenesis
   		glycogenolysis
   		All the alternatives
   		oxidative metabolism

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

   		insulin.
   		somatostatin.
   		digestive enzymes
   		glucagon.

2 points   

QUESTION 17

1. During the absorptive state in a person at rest,

   		the liver forms glycogen.
   		skeletal muscles have net glycogen catabolism.
   		gluconeogenesis takes place.
   		adipocytes dump fatty acids into plasma.

Explain what happens to Na⁺ concentration in the nephron when GFR increases.

How do multiple organ systems work together to restore balance from dehydration?

Describe the physiology of a neuronal impulse, including all relevant definitions and steps, to explain what happens for depolarization to occur and transmission of stimuli across a synapse.

Describe three ways by which one maximize O2 uptake across the respiratory surface?

How do cardiac muscle and brain tissue override the effect of strong sympathetic stimulation in order to prevent ischemia?

Crocodiles are an endless source of fascination for people because they are one of the few animals which can still get the better of us. Justify this statement.

Describe the challenges and adaptations of aquatic and air breathing vertebrates. What challenges did they have to face? How did they solve the problems?

write a one to two page paper on the science behind cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

how long ago was it used?

How do the guidelines get determined and how often are they reviewed?

What are the survival rates? And what do survival rates depend on.

Identify and describe the parts of the neuromuscular junction (synapse): synaptic cleft, synaptic knob (also called axon terminal), synaptic vesicles,

why is visceral pain sometimes experienced as somatic pain? Pretend you are trying to explain this phenomenon to one of your peers.

What problems would occur if a newborn’s foramen ovale failed to close?

what are the rights of society towards the pregnant mother