Question

List and briefly describe two examples of specialization in the innate immune system and two examples of specialization in the adaptive immune system

Answer 1

Innate immune system

The innate immune system is characterized as fast and broad action towards the pathogen.It is not specialized for the pathogen and doesn't take much time to react to the antigens but prevents the entry and spread of the pathogen at certain extent.

Two examples of specialization in the innate immune system

a.Mucous membrane as mechanical defense system

The outer and inner surface of the body serves as the barrier system comes under the innate immune system. The skin and mucous membrane present in the body helps in preventing the entry of the pathogen. The release of the chemical substance such as acids,enzyme and mucous secretions at different organ helps in destroying bacteria and viruses.

b.Defense through the cells and protein present inside the body

If pathogen enters into the body, the phagocytes present at the site of the infection eliminate the pathogens.The defense cells present in the tissue known as macrophages and defense cells present in the blood and tissue name as neutrophil granulocyte.They capture the pathogen and digest them internally. If pathogen is marked by antibodies or proteins,scavanger cells kills them quickly.

Adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system is very specific to the pathogen but takes longer time to develop.It also memorise the pathogen antigen due to development of the memory cells in order to prevent the future attacks by the same antigens.

Two examples of specialization in the adaptive immune system

a.T lymphocyte

These are the group of white blood cells which helps in recognized self and non self antigens.T cells bind to the surface of the pathogens and develops into specialized T cells such as memory T cells ,cytotoxic T cells, T killer cells. It triggers the destruction of the pathogens.

b.B lymphocytes

B lymphocytes produces antibodies in the blood in soluble protein i.e cytokines forms and that are specific to the antigens. It generates more cytokines in order to fight off the pathogens.