What is the difference between cerebral thrombosis versus cerebral ischemia?

Daniel: Susan and Joe had a wonderful little boy named Daniel, but he had been having an awful lot of bacterial infections and he was barely a year old. It seemed that the antibiotics cleared up one bacterial respiratory infection only to have another follow shortly. The scary thing was that Daniel had just fought off a case of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carnii, a fungal infection that was usually found in people with HIV. Waiting for the test results of an HIV test for their little boy was one of the worst experiences ever. Thank goodness it came back negative. However, it seemed that their troubles were just beginning. After this last lung infection, the fungal one, and a negative HIV test, their doctor had ordered a number of other blood tests, including a genetic test that Susan didn’t fully understand. Apparently the doctor was worried about Daniel’s immune system functions. Susan had also met with a genetic counselor who collected a family history of any immune disorders. The details were vague, but Susan’s mother, Helen, knew that one of her three brothers had died young from an unexplained lung infection. Unfortunately, Grandma Ruth had passed away a few years ago, leaving them with numerous unanswered questions. Susan and Joe had an appointment with their doctor that afternoon to go over the results. When they arrived Dr. Dresdner led them into an office where Ms. Henchey, the genetic counselor, waited. This can’t be good, thought Susan. The doctor began by explaining that they had analyzed Daniel’s blood and found that while he had normal levels of B cells and T cells, his antibody levels were anything but normal. The levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were very low, almost undetectable, and Daniel had abnormally high levels of IgM and IgD. It appears that his immune system failed to undergo immunoglobulin isotype switching due to a CD40 ligand mutation in Daniel's DNA. Diagram an antibody response graph for a normal 1st and 2nd exposure with the antibodies correctly labeled for each exposure. Then diagram what Daniel's graph would look like, based on his situation. Diagram and/or explain why IgG is low and what CD40's role is? Why is a mutation in that gene a problem? (There is no specific diagram I am looking for here, either diagram it or explain it, depending on which you prefer.)

Insulin is the major hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cell (Islet of Langerhans). The main role of insulin is to regulate blood glucose. Because you are doing physiology, a relative comes to you to explain why they have been feeling unwell and suffering “funny attacks” at irregular times. The symptoms they describe to you are the following – headaches and mental confusion, tiredness, and weakness, shaking and a fast heart rate. Your relative says these symptoms disappear when they eat sweets or a small snack.

Can you give your relative some clues as to what might be happening to explain their symptoms? Your answer should include what is happening with your relatives blood glucose levels to cause such symptoms, what hormones are being released from the pancreas, the adrenal medulla and cortex and what these hormones may be doing to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

1. As hydrogen gas from the intestines enters the blood stream, will this affect the blood plasma?

(Remember, hydrogen gas is H2). Do you expect this to alter the blood pH? Why or why not?

2. Can you think of another test you might do to determine a person’s lactase status? (besides hydrogen breath test)

List all the ways one could increase caloric expenditure (read: energy demand) during exercise and then explain, biologically, why energy demand is higher

How does a nerve stimulate a muscle to contract? What occurs in a muscle cell in order for it to contract.

Dialysis is a treatment for severe kidney disease, and it is becoming increasingly common. Please describe this process, its benefits, and its risks. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references

1. What tests can be used to diagnose diabetes per the ADA criteria (choose all that apply a-g)?

a. Fructoasmine b. Glycated Hemoglobin c. Urine Glucose d. Fasting Glucose e. Random Glucose f. 2-hour Post Prandial Glucose g. 1 hour oral glucose tolerance test

2. A patient with secondary hypothyroidism will have a dysfunctioning ____ and their TSH will be ____.

a. thyroid, low b. pituitary, low c. thyroid, high d. pituitary, high

3. A patient with acromegaly has a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test performed. After the 2 hours their growth hormone levels will be:

a. increased b. decreased c. normal

4. A patient with hypoparathyroidism will present with a prolonged ___ interval.

5. The etiology of most primary pituitary disorders is:

a. Infections b. Neoplastic c. Idiopathic d. Iatrogenic

6. A patient with primary hypothyroidism will have a dysfunctioning ___thyroid_, have a low ____, and a high ____

a. thyroid, TSH, thyroxine b. pituitary, thyroxine, TSH c. thyroid, thyroxine, TSH d. pituitary, TSH, thyroxine

7. A patient with tertiary hypothyroidism has undergone a TRH stimulation test. After the TRH is infused into their system, what should happen to the TSH value?

a. decrease b. increase c. remain unchanged

1.Which gluteal muscle is the most superficial?

2.What are the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

3.Which muscle does the sciatic nerve run under?

4.What is the action of a muscle that originates on the Ischial spine?

5.Name two muscles that originates on the lateral surface of the sacrum (one of these muscles only partially originates on the sacrum).6.Which two muscles insert onto the Iliotibial band?

Football players demonstrated a variety of physiological impacts of water imbalances. A couple of the things the players experienced were 1) an intense desire to "guzzle" water, and 2) numerous negative side effects (bloating, inflammation, cramps, etc.) if they did guzzle water. Explain the following...

From an Anatomy & Physiology  perspective, what caused the athletes to have the desire to drink water?

Also from an Anatomy & Physiology perspective, why did the athletes experience so many negative reactions if they did drink tons of water during their intense exercise?

Use the terms plasma, ICF, and osmoreceptors in your responses

discuss the comparison between the more flexible joint in regards to stability. Please use examples of joints to differentiate.

Discuss why the AIDS virus can hide from the immune response of our bodies.

What effect do beta-blockers have on cardiac output and hemodynamics?  Which specific structures do these medications affect?