1. True or False: Osteons are the basic functional units of spongy bone.                 

1. True or False: The carpal bones are classified as short bones.                 

1. What type of bone has a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded knoblike ends (epiphyses)?                 

1. The skull is composed of two distinct groups of bones: the cranial bones and the                  bones.

1. The                  vertebrae articulate (form joints) with the ribs.

1. In the fetal skull, the developing cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissue called                 .

1. True or False: In a typical vertebra, the pedicles and laminae form the spinous process.                 

1. True or False: The costal cartilages of vertebrosternal ribs are directly attached to the sternum.                 
2. Name three flat bone (anatomical names only):

1. Name three long bone examples (anatomical names only):

1. Name three irregular bones (anatomical names only):

1. Name three short bones (anatomical names only):

45. What is found within spongy bone that allows for hematopoesis?

46. The vertebral bodies, laminae, and spinous processes of adjacent

vertebrae are held together by what important structures to protect the

spine and spinal cord from injury?

45.

the effect of different Rh between mother ad the fetus

What is an ion? What is their general function in the human body? Identify three ions that the body needs and briefly explain their roles.

Velocity Assessment.

Part A. Describe the pathway that the patellar reflex travels and explain why it is so fast .

Part B. Explain why the blink reflex (involuntary blinking elicited by touching the cornea) might be faster? Explain your reasoning.

Reaction Speed Assessment. Based on your about voluntary movement ;

Part A. Explain how your brain works with your nerves to control movement .

Part B. What do you predict would happen to your reaction time if you had several simultaneous tasks to complete? Explain your reasoning.

explain the inflammatory response.

1. Plasma proteins:

a. Plasma proteins accounting for about 15% by weight of plasma volume.

b. Plasma proteins are produced by the bone marrow.

c. Plasma proteins composed of globulin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin.

d. Albumin accounts for some 60% of plasma protein.

2. Human heart:

a. Right side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

b. In the fetus, foramen ovale as a normal opening between the left and right ventricles.

c. As a role all arteries in the body carry oxygenated blood and all veins carry de-oxygenated blood.

d. Left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

3. The gall bladder:

a. Produces the bile for fat digestion.

b. It has neck, body and fundus.

c. It is the largest gland in the body.

d. The bile has strong acid PH.   

4. One of the following is agranulocyte blood cell:

a. Eosinophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Neutrophils

d. Basophils

5. The respiratory system :

a. Taste buds are located in the nasal cavity.

b. Left side human lung contains three lobes while the right lung contains two lobes.

c. The diaphragm separates the left lung from the right lung.

d. The pharynx is commonly called the throat that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.  

6. Blood is not coagulated inside human blood vessels because of:

a. Presence of erythropoietin hormone secreted by the kidneys prevent blood coagulation.

b. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant that inhibits the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

c. The anticoagulant oxalate is secreted by the kidneys to prevent blood coagulation in the blood vessels.

d. The liver secretes EDTA to the blood that prevents blood clotting.

There are many types of cells in the human body with many different functions. Pick a particular type of cell (exocrine secretory cells, hormone secreting cells, etc) and discuss its function within the body. Talk about common locations for the type of cell and discuss the clinical significance of the cell.

Explain the Mechanisms of transport across apical and basolateral membranes in the kidney, stomach, and intestine.

What are the Systemic implications of defects in the CFTR channel ?

What are the Mechanisms of micturition and defecation reflexes?

Explain Food allergies, GALT, and M cells?

What are the chemical and mechanical events occurring during digestion?

Full-contact sports seem to be a part of everyday life for many children (e.g. football, hockey, martial arts, wrestling, rugby, lacrosse, etc.). In terms of bone development, is this wise? Discuss risk versus reward. Are we promoting healthy lifestyle activities or causing damaging health effects? Please specify age groups within your discussions because, as we know, a five-year-old’s skeleton is much different than that of an eighteen-year-old.

Kathleen is a 1.68 m, 59 kg, 20-year-old university student. Over the last few years she has gained, then lost, five to seven kilograms several times. Recently, she has been trying hard to keep her weight down. Like many university students, Kathleen goes out every weekend and tends to overindulge. During the week she lives the life of a serious student, eating very little and getting seven to eight hours of sleep every night. By Friday, she is ready to have some fun. She usually goes out with friends to a nearby Chinese or Thai restaurant and then out to a bar or club. At the bar Kathleen will have four or five drinks and munch on hot chips or salted nuts. By 3 a.m., when she and her friends are ready to call it a night, they are usually hungry again. This means finding pizza, burgers or any other food they can find at that hour of the morning. After a late night out, Saturdays are spent catching up on some sorely needed sleep. By Saturday night, Kathleen is ready to go out and do it all over again. Sundays are usually spent relaxing at a hearty Sunday brunch, watching movies with her friends accompanied by a giant bowl of popcorn, and finishing homework that is due on Monday morning.

Kathleen realises that her weekend binges may cause her to gain weight, so she cuts down on kilojoules from Monday to Thursday. Kathleen has been trying to stay active and build up some muscle mass by running. Recently, her strict dieting is making this more difficult. During the week Kathleen eats so little that she often feels weak or lightheaded, especially following her long-distance runs. Although she is running a great deal, her muscles are not getting as large as she had hoped they would. She finds her diet is very hard to stick to on Mondays and Tuesdays. Kathleen is always starving. However, by the end of the week she no longer feels so hungry. Kathleen also notices that she has a much harder time paying attention, is sensitive to the cold temperatures and finds it all too easy to catch a cold or flu.

1. During periods of feasting, how are metabolic fuels used differently compared to their use with a healthy, consistent diet?

2. What are the long-term consequences of Kathleen's eating pattern and alcohol consumption on her vitamin status?