explain the inflammatory response.

1. Plasma proteins:

a. Plasma proteins accounting for about 15% by weight of plasma volume.

b. Plasma proteins are produced by the bone marrow.

c. Plasma proteins composed of globulin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin.

d. Albumin accounts for some 60% of plasma protein.

2. Human heart:

a. Right side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

b. In the fetus, foramen ovale as a normal opening between the left and right ventricles.

c. As a role all arteries in the body carry oxygenated blood and all veins carry de-oxygenated blood.

d. Left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

3. The gall bladder:

a. Produces the bile for fat digestion.

b. It has neck, body and fundus.

c. It is the largest gland in the body.

d. The bile has strong acid PH.   

4. One of the following is agranulocyte blood cell:

a. Eosinophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Neutrophils

d. Basophils

5. The respiratory system :

a. Taste buds are located in the nasal cavity.

b. Left side human lung contains three lobes while the right lung contains two lobes.

c. The diaphragm separates the left lung from the right lung.

d. The pharynx is commonly called the throat that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.  

6. Blood is not coagulated inside human blood vessels because of:

a. Presence of erythropoietin hormone secreted by the kidneys prevent blood coagulation.

b. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant that inhibits the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

c. The anticoagulant oxalate is secreted by the kidneys to prevent blood coagulation in the blood vessels.

d. The liver secretes EDTA to the blood that prevents blood clotting.

There are many types of cells in the human body with many different functions. Pick a particular type of cell (exocrine secretory cells, hormone secreting cells, etc) and discuss its function within the body. Talk about common locations for the type of cell and discuss the clinical significance of the cell.

Explain the Mechanisms of transport across apical and basolateral membranes in the kidney, stomach, and intestine.

What are the Systemic implications of defects in the CFTR channel ?

What are the Mechanisms of micturition and defecation reflexes?

Explain Food allergies, GALT, and M cells?

What are the chemical and mechanical events occurring during digestion?

Full-contact sports seem to be a part of everyday life for many children (e.g. football, hockey, martial arts, wrestling, rugby, lacrosse, etc.). In terms of bone development, is this wise? Discuss risk versus reward. Are we promoting healthy lifestyle activities or causing damaging health effects? Please specify age groups within your discussions because, as we know, a five-year-old’s skeleton is much different than that of an eighteen-year-old.

Kathleen is a 1.68 m, 59 kg, 20-year-old university student. Over the last few years she has gained, then lost, five to seven kilograms several times. Recently, she has been trying hard to keep her weight down. Like many university students, Kathleen goes out every weekend and tends to overindulge. During the week she lives the life of a serious student, eating very little and getting seven to eight hours of sleep every night. By Friday, she is ready to have some fun. She usually goes out with friends to a nearby Chinese or Thai restaurant and then out to a bar or club. At the bar Kathleen will have four or five drinks and munch on hot chips or salted nuts. By 3 a.m., when she and her friends are ready to call it a night, they are usually hungry again. This means finding pizza, burgers or any other food they can find at that hour of the morning. After a late night out, Saturdays are spent catching up on some sorely needed sleep. By Saturday night, Kathleen is ready to go out and do it all over again. Sundays are usually spent relaxing at a hearty Sunday brunch, watching movies with her friends accompanied by a giant bowl of popcorn, and finishing homework that is due on Monday morning.

Kathleen realises that her weekend binges may cause her to gain weight, so she cuts down on kilojoules from Monday to Thursday. Kathleen has been trying to stay active and build up some muscle mass by running. Recently, her strict dieting is making this more difficult. During the week Kathleen eats so little that she often feels weak or lightheaded, especially following her long-distance runs. Although she is running a great deal, her muscles are not getting as large as she had hoped they would. She finds her diet is very hard to stick to on Mondays and Tuesdays. Kathleen is always starving. However, by the end of the week she no longer feels so hungry. Kathleen also notices that she has a much harder time paying attention, is sensitive to the cold temperatures and finds it all too easy to catch a cold or flu.

1. During periods of feasting, how are metabolic fuels used differently compared to their use with a healthy, consistent diet?

2. What are the long-term consequences of Kathleen's eating pattern and alcohol consumption on her vitamin status?

What is the difference between cerebral thrombosis versus cerebral ischemia?

Daniel: Susan and Joe had a wonderful little boy named Daniel, but he had been having an awful lot of bacterial infections and he was barely a year old. It seemed that the antibiotics cleared up one bacterial respiratory infection only to have another follow shortly. The scary thing was that Daniel had just fought off a case of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carnii, a fungal infection that was usually found in people with HIV. Waiting for the test results of an HIV test for their little boy was one of the worst experiences ever. Thank goodness it came back negative. However, it seemed that their troubles were just beginning. After this last lung infection, the fungal one, and a negative HIV test, their doctor had ordered a number of other blood tests, including a genetic test that Susan didn’t fully understand. Apparently the doctor was worried about Daniel’s immune system functions. Susan had also met with a genetic counselor who collected a family history of any immune disorders. The details were vague, but Susan’s mother, Helen, knew that one of her three brothers had died young from an unexplained lung infection. Unfortunately, Grandma Ruth had passed away a few years ago, leaving them with numerous unanswered questions. Susan and Joe had an appointment with their doctor that afternoon to go over the results. When they arrived Dr. Dresdner led them into an office where Ms. Henchey, the genetic counselor, waited. This can’t be good, thought Susan. The doctor began by explaining that they had analyzed Daniel’s blood and found that while he had normal levels of B cells and T cells, his antibody levels were anything but normal. The levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were very low, almost undetectable, and Daniel had abnormally high levels of IgM and IgD. It appears that his immune system failed to undergo immunoglobulin isotype switching due to a CD40 ligand mutation in Daniel's DNA. Diagram an antibody response graph for a normal 1st and 2nd exposure with the antibodies correctly labeled for each exposure. Then diagram what Daniel's graph would look like, based on his situation. Diagram and/or explain why IgG is low and what CD40's role is? Why is a mutation in that gene a problem? (There is no specific diagram I am looking for here, either diagram it or explain it, depending on which you prefer.)

Insulin is the major hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cell (Islet of Langerhans). The main role of insulin is to regulate blood glucose. Because you are doing physiology, a relative comes to you to explain why they have been feeling unwell and suffering “funny attacks” at irregular times. The symptoms they describe to you are the following – headaches and mental confusion, tiredness, and weakness, shaking and a fast heart rate. Your relative says these symptoms disappear when they eat sweets or a small snack.

Can you give your relative some clues as to what might be happening to explain their symptoms? Your answer should include what is happening with your relatives blood glucose levels to cause such symptoms, what hormones are being released from the pancreas, the adrenal medulla and cortex and what these hormones may be doing to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

1. As hydrogen gas from the intestines enters the blood stream, will this affect the blood plasma?

(Remember, hydrogen gas is H2). Do you expect this to alter the blood pH? Why or why not?

2. Can you think of another test you might do to determine a person’s lactase status? (besides hydrogen breath test)