Which of the following is true regarding Langerhans cells and their activity?

a) the Langerhans cell is a specialized epithelial cell made of especially large amounts of keratin

b) they add pigment to keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum and this pigment acts to reduce the

chance of UV radiation damage to the keratinocyte nucleus

c) they are interfaced with underlying sensory neurons and enhance the detection of mechanical forces

applied to the skin

d) they sample the microflora found in the upper layers of the skin and can prepare the immune

system for potential invaders

e) they play a primary role in detecting UV radiation and directly influence melanocyte production of

melanin.

            The sites of origin for the sympathetic division are?
a.             brain and sacral
b.             brain and thoracic
c.             thoracic and lumbar
d.             lumbar and sacral

Which part of the inner ear houses two portions of the membranous labyrinth known as the utricle and saccule?

cochlea

semicircular canals

vestibule

tympanic membrane

trace blood pathway from....

-right hand to posterior brain

-aorta arch to the fetus to the aorta arch of the mother

can you explain how to solve blood tracing problems? or show a diagram or somethingg....anything helps thanks <3

How do you feel about physical fitness in physical education programs? Should it be something we teach separately, or intertwined with the rest of the curriculum on sports, games and movement activities? You can write about how you approach your own fitness…do you use sports as part of your training, or do you train completely separately? If appropriate, how would you use these personal experiences with fitness training with your students/athletes when you’re a coach/PE teacher in the future?

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is an “extension” of the CNS. It functions to continue the work that is, at times, started in the CNS. Describe the location and function of the PNS and point out any particular or important information.

Define a buffer system and describe the three major buffer systems of the body fluids. Explain how a buffer system adjusts when either a strong acid or strong base is added to an aqueous solution (describe the relevant chemistry. Explain how modifying the rate and depth of ventilation can permit respiratory compensation for a metabolic acid-base disorder (describe the chemistry).  

Discuss the different mechanisms of reabsorption in the renal tubule. How are valuable nutrients reabsorbed from the filtrate? How are ions and water reabsorbed? In which parts of the renal tubule do these events occur? Distinguish between obligatory and facultative reabsorption.

Discuss the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. What factors determine GFR? Why is it so important to keep GFR stable? Explain in terms of nephron function. Briefly describe the autoregulatory mechanisms used in the kidney to maintain GFR on an ongoing basis.

Compare and contrast the physiology of the human sexual response in the male and the female, including stimuli, nervous regulation, and effector targets. How are they similar and how are they different? How does this relate to reproductive developmental homology?

Describe the body structures that a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte will encounter prior to their encounter and merging to form a zygote. Your response should include a thorough review of the structures connecting the epididymis to the external urethral orifice, and how the structures (and secretions from those structures, to be discussed in detail) support and assist the sperm cell in its trip out of the body. Also, the response should thoroughly describe the structures and obstacles that the sperm cell will encounter within the female body, from the v@gina to the oviduct. For the secondary oocyte, describe the structures it encounters and passes through before meeting up with the sperm cell in the oviduct.

The body has an interesting way of using deriving uses from waste material prior to its disposal. For example, carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, and is disposed of through the lungs. However, prior to its removal, it is the source of one of the most important buffer systems in the body—the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. Identify and describe two other waste products in the body that have a critical role in body function. And no, removal of toxins from the body—or any related function—does not count; the waste product in question (or what it can turn into) must have some actual positive effect on the body prior to its disposal.

Jim has been waking up a lot in the might to void his bladder. He noticed that his urine stream is weak and has difficulty starting urination and his bladder does not empty the bladder when he voids his urine. What do you think Jim might be suffering from? Describe where the gland is located and how it might cause this condition. What is this glands function? What are the treatment options for his condition?

Describe the processes involved for the formation of mature spermatozoa, and a secondary oocyte. Include a review of all hormonal regulation involved in the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as the actual formation and maturation of the sex cells from spermatogonia and primary oocytes. Maturation of the sex cells should discuss the supporting cells for both types of sex cells, as well as a review of the organs and structures hosting the maturation and development. Your response should consider formation, development, and maturation for the two sex cells until the end of the process, to be considered as: 1) fully functional, mobile spermatozoa in the epididymis, and 2) just after ovulation for the secondary oocyte.