How do you feel about physical fitness in physical education programs? Should it be something we teach separately, or intertwined with the rest of the curriculum on sports, games and movement activities? You can write about how you approach your own fitness…do you use sports as part of your training, or do you train completely separately? If appropriate, how would you use these personal experiences with fitness training with your students/athletes when you’re a coach/PE teacher in the future?

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is an “extension” of the CNS. It functions to continue the work that is, at times, started in the CNS. Describe the location and function of the PNS and point out any particular or important information.

Define a buffer system and describe the three major buffer systems of the body fluids. Explain how a buffer system adjusts when either a strong acid or strong base is added to an aqueous solution (describe the relevant chemistry. Explain how modifying the rate and depth of ventilation can permit respiratory compensation for a metabolic acid-base disorder (describe the chemistry).  

Discuss the different mechanisms of reabsorption in the renal tubule. How are valuable nutrients reabsorbed from the filtrate? How are ions and water reabsorbed? In which parts of the renal tubule do these events occur? Distinguish between obligatory and facultative reabsorption.

Discuss the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. What factors determine GFR? Why is it so important to keep GFR stable? Explain in terms of nephron function. Briefly describe the autoregulatory mechanisms used in the kidney to maintain GFR on an ongoing basis.

Compare and contrast the physiology of the human sexual response in the male and the female, including stimuli, nervous regulation, and effector targets. How are they similar and how are they different? How does this relate to reproductive developmental homology?

Describe the body structures that a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte will encounter prior to their encounter and merging to form a zygote. Your response should include a thorough review of the structures connecting the epididymis to the external urethral orifice, and how the structures (and secretions from those structures, to be discussed in detail) support and assist the sperm cell in its trip out of the body. Also, the response should thoroughly describe the structures and obstacles that the sperm cell will encounter within the female body, from the v@gina to the oviduct. For the secondary oocyte, describe the structures it encounters and passes through before meeting up with the sperm cell in the oviduct.

The body has an interesting way of using deriving uses from waste material prior to its disposal. For example, carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, and is disposed of through the lungs. However, prior to its removal, it is the source of one of the most important buffer systems in the body—the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. Identify and describe two other waste products in the body that have a critical role in body function. And no, removal of toxins from the body—or any related function—does not count; the waste product in question (or what it can turn into) must have some actual positive effect on the body prior to its disposal.

Jim has been waking up a lot in the might to void his bladder. He noticed that his urine stream is weak and has difficulty starting urination and his bladder does not empty the bladder when he voids his urine. What do you think Jim might be suffering from? Describe where the gland is located and how it might cause this condition. What is this glands function? What are the treatment options for his condition?

Describe the processes involved for the formation of mature spermatozoa, and a secondary oocyte. Include a review of all hormonal regulation involved in the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as the actual formation and maturation of the sex cells from spermatogonia and primary oocytes. Maturation of the sex cells should discuss the supporting cells for both types of sex cells, as well as a review of the organs and structures hosting the maturation and development. Your response should consider formation, development, and maturation for the two sex cells until the end of the process, to be considered as: 1) fully functional, mobile spermatozoa in the epididymis, and 2) just after ovulation for the secondary oocyte.

- A 38-year-old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a "practitioner" who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. The practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. Although his patients experience a huge surge in libido, their sperm count is even lower after hormone treatment. Explain why.

An individual has low blood glucose levels—not low enough to cause symptoms, but enough to cause the body to attempt a restoration to normal levels. Describe all processes by which the body induces the increase of blood sugar levels. Your response should include a review of all body cells and structures capable of detecting low glucose levels, the body responses that stimulate glucose production, and all processes for the actual synthesis of glucose. (While this is not a biochemistry class, a thorough discussion of the two major glucose production pathways is expected)

An individual has a higher-than-normal blood volume, due to excess fluids—not high enough to cause symptoms, but enough to cause the body to attempt a restoration to normal levels. Also, it is stipulated that there are no ion imbalances present. Describe all processes by which the body induces the decrease of blood volume. Your response should include a review of all body cells and structures capable of detecting high blood volume, the body responses that stimulate fluid excretion, and all processes for the removal of fluids from the body.

An individual has low blood oxygen levels, due to insufficient numbers of circulating red blood cells. (The erythrocytes are completely healthy; there’s just not enough of them.) Describe the processes by which the body stimulates the production of new erythrocytes. Your response should include a review of all body cells and structures capable of detecting low oxygen levels, the body responses that stimulate erythrocyte production, and the actual synthesis and maturation process in the red bone marrow. In addition, any short-term body processes that compensate for the low blood oxygen levels not involving erythrocyte production should be discussed in detail as well.

Which category of sport is notat high risk for eating disorders?

a. appearance-conscious sports

b. endurance sports

c. weight-classification sports

d. team sports