A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.

Describe the major differences between the stomach wall and the wall of the esophagus.

Name the various cellular components in the formed elements and provide at least one feature for each of them.

Give the functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); name the two main divisions of the ANS & list the functions of each division.

According to the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve (= Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve):

. Differentiate between the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions by locating their origins, contrasting their general anatomy & ganglia, listing the types of nerve fibers & receptors each use, recognizing the neurotransmitters released by each

Describe how blood is pumped through the heart from the entry of deoxygenated blood through the venae cavae to the exit of deoxygenated blood out of the aortae, taking into account the roles of the heart valves and cardiac conductance in the flow of blood.

The loop of Henle is considered an engineering marvel. If the loop were straight, what negative effect would it have on the normal functioning of the kidney? Give your answer with particular relevance to the different permeabilities for water and salt in the various regions of the nephron and how the countercurrent multiplier and countercurrent exchange systems help maintain the osmotic gradient across the cortical medullary axis of the kidneys

a. What factors determine lung compliance?

b. Describe the role of pulmonary surfactants in stabilizing the alveoli to ensure that smaller ones do not collapse into larger ones.

c. At the end of normal respiration, a person has a lung volume of 3 L, alveolar pressure of 0 mmHg and trans-chest-wall pressure of -2 mmHg. At the end of inspiration, this person has inhaled 500 mL of fresh air into the alveoli, and the alveolar pressure is 0 mmHg while the trans-chest-wall pressure changes to - 4 mmHg. Calculate the lung compliance of this person, assuming an anatomical dead space of 150 mL (show the math)

Describe how hyperventilation and hypoventilation affect blood CO2 levels, and what are the consequences of each one on hemoglobin saturation (oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve)?

Prolactin is secreted by the:

A. Pancreas

B. Adrenal Glands

C. Adenohypophysis

D. Neurohypophysis

E. Parathyroid Glands

F. Mammary Glands

G. Liver

H. Muscles

Describe exocrine secretory cells and discuss its function within the body. Talk about common locations for the type of cell and discuss the clinical significance of the cell.

The pressure of the baby’s head against the cervix stimulates the neuroendocrine release of:

A. Chorionic Gonadotropin

B. Progesterone

C. Prolactin

D. Oxytocin

E. Luteinizing Hormone

When nursing a baby, the mother may also experience:

A. increased heart rate

B. slowing of heart rate

C. uterine contractions

D. sweating

E. nausea

51) The renal clearance of this byproduct of amino acid catabolism is used as a rough measure the glomerular filtration rate.

uric acid

azotemia

cretine

ammonia

urea

52.) The actions of the kidney include regulation of

blood plasma pH

All of the choices are correct

blood plasma volume

blood plasma electrolyte concentration

blood pressure

53) Which structures are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?

collecting ducts

cortical nephrons

distal convoluted tubules

proximal convoluted tubules

juxtamedullary nephrons

54) The____ is a ball of capillaries that lies between an afferent arteriole and an efferent arteriole.

minor calyx

juxtaglomerular apparatus

glomerulus

renal corpuscle

peritubular capillary

55.) In a healthy kidney,___ should not pass through the glomerlular filtration membrane into the proximal renal tubules.

amino acids

electrolytes

proteins

vitamins

glucose

27.) Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a Good Samaritan have about 4 to 5 minutes to begin CPR?

there is an reserve of oxygen in Tom's tissues

the ambient PO₂ in the lungs can support life that long

there is a reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood bound to hemoglobin

the Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes

Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes

28.) The addition of CO₂ to the blood generates ___ ions in the red blood cells, which in turn stimulates them to unload more oxygen.

sodium

hydrogen

potassium

nitrogen

chloride

29.) The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT

the alveoli

the secondary bronchi

the terminal bronchioles.

the larynx.

the primary bronchi.

30.) The blood transports more CO₂ in the form of ___ than in any other form.

bisphosphocarbonate

dissolved CO₂ gas

carbaminohemoglobin

bicarbonate ions

carboxyhemoglobin

31.) Which of the following in not a driver for the unloading of O₂ from oxyhemoglobin?

increased temperature

increased bisphosphoglycerate (BPG); also called diphosphoglycerate (DPG)

increased partial pressue of CO₂

increased acid (lower pH)

increased partial pressure of O₂